Active (imaging radar) and passive (radiometer) microwave systems are increasingly used for Arctic ecological research. Unfortunately, until now ecologists interested in remote sensing often lacked access to the full suite of physical and analytical techniques of microwave systems, data processing, and ecological applications because a suitable reference book did not exist.Arctic Ecological Research from Microwave Satellite Observations answers this demand by summarizing the main microwave satellite applications for Arctic ecological research. This book is invaluable to specialists with a background in microwave techniques, as well as to other ecologists interested in applications of microwave active and passive remote sensing for tundra, boreal forest, and Arctic sea-ice habitat and marine mammal studies.It presents a brief introduction to Arctic ecological problems, the role of satellite sensing for monitoring Arctic ecosystems, and related data processing applications. The volume then examines results of Arctic sea-ice habitat studies using OKEAN-01 satellite data, then provides a comparative analysis of multisensor satellite monitoring of habitat using OKEAN-01, SSM/I and AVHRR satellite instruments. It also describes the evaluation of relative information content of ALMAZ-1, ERS-1, JERS-1 SAR, and Landsat-TM data for identifying wet tundra habitats. The book concludes with results of sensitive boreal forest type detection to monitor potential impacts of climate change on boreal forest structure.

Introduction to Arctic Ecological Research and Microwave Remote Sensing

(22)

Arctic Ecological Problems and Remote Sensing

(2)

Elements of Microwave Remote Sensing

(3)

Elements of Imaging Radar Satellite Systems

(6)

Elements of Passive Microwave Satellite Systems

(4)

Elements of Microwave Data Inversion, Classification and Applications

(3)

Conclusion

(4)

References

(3)

Russian Microwave Satellites: Main Missions, Characteristics and Applications

(42)

A Brief Review of the Main National and International Microwave Satellite Systems

(6)

Evolution of Russian Microwave Satellites

(3)

Kosmos--Okean Satellite Series

(20)

Orbit Characteristics

(1)

Sensors

(2)

Scanning Configuration

(1)

Radiometric Calibration

(10)

Geometric Calibration and Registration

(1)

Structure of the Satellite Data

(1)

Data Acquisition, Processing and Distribution

(5)

Main Applications

(1)

ALMAZ Satellite Series

(6)

ALMAZ SAR (KOSMOS-1870) Satellite

(3)

ALMAZ-1 SAR Satellite

(1)

ALMAZ-1B and ALMAZ-2 SAR Satellites

(3)

Conclusion

(7)

References

(4)

Arctic Marine Mammal Sea Ice Habitat Studies Using Active and Passive Microwave Satellite Data

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Study Area

(1)

Data

(3)

Structure of Data Processing System

(1)

Estimating Sea Ice Habitat Parameters

(8)

Estimating the Area Fractions of Open Water (OW), Consolidated Young/First-year Sea Ice (Y/FY) and Consolidated Multiyear Sea Ice (MY)

(1)

Estimating the Sea Ice Surface Physical Temperature

(1)

Algorithm for Estimating Parameters of Sea Ice Habitat

(5)

Estimating the Sea Ice Habitat's Integrated Information Content

(2)

The Shannon's (Entropy) Analysis of Raw Satellite Data

(1)

The Shannon's (Entropy) Analysis of Satellite Data Classification Results

(2)

Scheduling of Satellite Image Acquiring

(1)

Results

(3)

Discussion

(5)

References

(3)

Investigating Variability in Arctic Sea Ice Distribution Using Okean and Almaz Sar Satellite Data

(26)

Introduction

(1)

Study Area

(1)

Data

(5)

Methods

(7)

Results

100

(6)

Some Results of Okean and Almaz Sar Data Analysis

104

(2)

Conclusion

106

(7)

References

110

(3)

Comparative Analysis of Okean-01, SSM/I and A VHRR Satellite Data for Monitoring of Arctic Sea Ice Habitat

113

(26)

Introduction

113

(1)

Study Area

114

(1)

Data Description

114

(3)

Satellite Data Processing

117

(7)

General Description of Okean-01 Data Processing

117

(1)

Brightness Temperature and Radar Backscatter Coefficient Algorithms for Okean-01 Passive Microwave and Radar Data

117

(2)

RM-0.8 Calibration Wedge Correction Algorithms for Okean-01 and SSM/I Microwave Data

119

(1)

Sea Ice Concentration Algorithms for Okean-01 Active and Passive Microwave Data

120

(1)

Sea Ice Concentration Algorithms for AVHRR/2 Data

121

(3)

Results

124

(9)

Comparative Analysis of the 36.62 H RM-0.8 and 37 H SSM/I Channel Brightness Temperatures, and Correction of the RM-08 Calibration Wedge

124

(3)

Sea Ice Mapping Using Okean-01 Active and Passive Microwave Data

127

(1)

Comparisons between Okean-01, SSM/I and AVHRR Derived Sea Ice Concentration

127

(6)

Conclusion

133

(6)

References

136

(3)

Boreal Forest Habitat Studies Using Okean-01 Satellite Data

139

(14)

Introduction

139

(1)

Study Area

140

(1)

Data

140

(3)

Mapping Boreal Forest Vegetation

143

(1)

Some Results

143

(2)

Improvement of Boreal Forest Classification Using a Minimum Loss Function Criteria

145

(6)

General Description of the Classification Goal

145

(2)

The Structural Scheme of Data Processing and Classification System

147

(2)

Classification of Boreal Forest Vegetation Using Okean-01 Satellite Data

149

(2)

Conclusion

151

(2)

References

152

(1)

Comparative Assessment of Almaz-1, Sar, Ers-1 Sar, Jers-1 Sar and Landsat-TM Satellite Data for Tundra Habitat Studies

153

(24)

Introduction

153

(1)

Study Area

154

(1)

Satellite Data

154

(1)

Ground Data

154

(4)

Satellite-derived Map

158

(8)

Results

166

(8)

Conclusion

174

(3)

References

174

(3)

Dependence Between SAR Data Focusing Parameters and Efficiency of Discriminating Tundra Habitat

177

(18)

Introduction

177

(1)

Basic Focusing Algorithm

178

(3)

Focusing Algorithm for Almaz-1 Sar Data

181

(1)

Focusing Algorithm for Ers-1, Jers-1, Radarsat Sar Data

181

(1)

Structure of Focusing Software

182

(1)

Assessment of Dependence Between Sar Data Focusing Parameters and Tundra Habitat Classification

183

(6)

PC/AT Sar Processor

183

(1)

Study Area

184

(1)

Data Processing

184

(5)

Results

189

(1)

Conclusion

190

(5)

References

193

(2)

Studying Regional Aspects of Polar Bear (Ursus Maritimus) Ecology in the Russian Arctic Using Satellite Data

195

(20)

Introduction

195

(1)

Methodology

196

(5)

Study Area

196

(1)

Data Description

196

(5)

Analysis of the Results

201

(8)

Radio-collared Bear Registration

201

(1)

Definition of the Major Periods of Sea Ice Activity

201

(3)

Comparative Analysis of Movement Rates and Patterns of Different Population Groups

204

(3)

Determination of Individual/Group Complimentary Movement Patterns of Different Population Groups

207

(1)

Analysis of Polar Bear Habitat Preference

208

(1)

Conclusion

209

(6)

References

212

(3)

Detection of Sensitive Boreal Forest Types to Monitor and Assess Potential Impact of Climate Change

215

(14)

Introduction

215

(1)

Study Area

216

(1)

Field Data

216

(1)

Forest Community Classification

216

(4)

Computer Programs and Databases

220

(1)

Comparative Floristic and Micro-climate Analysis to Identify Sensitive Forest Types

220

(6)

Global Change and Boreal Forest Community Dynamics

226

(3)

References

227

(2)

Subject Index

229

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Arctic Ecological Research from Microwave Satellite Observations

9780415269650

0415269652

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