Argumentation, Communication, and Fallacies: A Pragma-dialectical Perspective

by van Eemeren; Frans H.

• ISBN13: 9780805810691
• ISBN10: 0805810692
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 1992-04-01
• Publisher: Routledge

Table of Contents

Preface
Argumentation and Communication
The Pragma-Dialectical Approach	p. 3
Studies of Argumentation	p. 3
Components of a Research Program	p. 5
Pragma-Dialectical Starting-Points	p. 9
Overview of the Book	p. 11
Standpoints and Differences of Opinion	p. 13
Resolving Differences of Opinion	p. 13
Positive and Negative Standpoints	p. 15
Simple and Complex Disputes	p. 16
The Verbal Presentation of Standpoints and Doubt	p. 22
Argumentation as a Complex Speech Act	p. 26
Communicative and Interactional Aspects	p. 26
Elementary and Complex Speech Acts	p. 28
Identity and Correctness Conditions for Argumentation	p. 30
Speech Acts In a Critical Discussion	p. 34
Stages in the Resolution of a Dispute	p. 34
Distribution of Speech Acts Over the Dialectical Stages	p. 37
Argumentative Discourse as Critical Discussion	p. 40
Implicit and Indirect Speech Acts	p. 44
Implicit Speech Acts in Argumentative Discourse	p. 44
Communication Rules and Indirect Speech Acts	p. 49
Conventionalization of Indirect Speech Acts	p. 56
Unexpressed Premises in Argumentative Discourse	p. 60
Analysis at the Pragmatic and the Logical Level	p. 60
Unexpressed Premises as Indirect Speech Acts	p. 63
The Role of the Context in Determining the Pragmatic Optimum	p. 64
The Role of Logic in Making Unexpressed Premises Explicit	p. 68
Complex Argumentation Structures	p. 73
Multiple Argumentation	p. 73
Coordinatively Compound Argumentation	p. 76
Subordinatively Compound Argumentation	p. 82
Complex Argumentation and Unexpressed Premises	p. 85
Communication and Fallacies
Analyzing and Evaluating Argumentative Discourse	p. 93
Components of an Analytic Overview	p. 93
Argumentation Schemes as Dialectical Tools	p. 94
Fallacies as Violations of Discussion Rules	p. 102
Fallacies in the Confrontation	p. 107
Advancing Standpoints and Doubt	p. 107
Putting Pressure on the Opponent	p. 109
Attacking the Opponent Personally	p. 110
Complications Regarding the Confrontation	p. 113
Fallacies in the Distribution of Discussion Roles	p. 116
Being Obliged to Defend a Standpoint	p. 116
Evading the Burden of Proof	p. 117
Shifting the Burden of Proof	p. 120
Complications Regarding Discussion Roles	p. 122
Fallacies in Representing a Standpoint	p. 124
Attacking Standpoints	p. 124
Imputing a Fictitious Standpoint to the Opponent	p. 126
Distorting the Opponent's Standpoint	p. 127
Complications Regarding the Representation of Standpoints	p. 130
Fallacies in Choosing the Means of Defense	p. 132
Choosing the Means to Defend a Standpoint	p. 132
Playing on the Audience's Emotions	p. 134
Parading One's Own Qualities	p. 135
Complications Regarding the Means of Defense	p. 137
Fallacies in Dealing With Unexpressed Premises	p. 141
Making Explicit What Has Been Left Unexpressed	p. 141
Magnifying an Unexpressed Premise	p. 142
Denying an Unexpressed Premise	p. 144
Complications Regarding Unexpressed Premises	p. 146
Fallacies in Utilizing Starting Points	p. 149
Dealing with Starting Points	p. 149
Falsely Presenting a Premise as a Common Starting Point	p. 151
Denying a Premise Representing an Accepted Starting Point	p. 154
Complications Regarding Starting Points	p. 155
Fallacies in Utilizing Argumentation Schemes	p. 158
Dealing with Argumentation Schemes	p. 158
Relying on an Inappropriate Argumentation Scheme	p. 160
Using an Appropriate Argumentation Scheme Incorrectly	p. 162
Complications Regarding Argumentation Schemes	p. 165
Fallacies in Utilizing Logical Argument Forms	p. 169
Dealing with Logical Argument Forms	p. 169
Confusing Necessary and Sufficient Conditions	p. 172
Confusing the Properties of Parts and Wholes	p. 174
Complications Regarding Logical Argument Forms	p. 178
Fallacies in Concluding the Discussion	p. 184
Establishing the Result of a Discussion	p. 184
Making an Absolute of the Success of the Defense	p. 186
Making an Absolute of the Failure of the Defense	p. 187
Complications Regarding the Conclusion of the Discussion	p. 192
Fallacies in Usage	p. 195
Presenting and Interpreting Argumentative Discourse	p. 195
Misusing Unclearness	p. 197
Misusing Ambiguity	p. 202
Complications Regarding Usage	p. 204
Conclusion	p. 208
Rules for Critical Discussion	p. 208
Violations of Rules for Critical Discussion	p. 209
Traditional Fallacies as Violations of Rules for Critical Discussion	p. 212
Advantages of the Pragma-Dialectical Approach	p. 215
Epilogue	p. 218
References	p. 221
Author Index	p. 227
Subject Index	p. 230
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