The Art of Being Human

by Janaro, Richard; Altshuler, Thelma

• ISBN13: 9780321277633
• ISBN10: 0321277635
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

The Art of Being Human, Eighth Edition,introduces students to the ways in which the humanities can broaden their perspectives, enhance their ability to think critically, and enrich their lives.Ideal for the one-semester humanities course, this well-respected book has been lauded for its scope, accessibility, and writing style. Featuring a unique topical organization, Part I examines ways of responding to the humanities, their mythic origins, and important struggles in the arts. Part II explores the individual genres of literature, art, music, theater, song and dance, and cinema. Part III looks at provocative themes in the humanities: religion, morality, happiness, love, life and death, and freedom.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
PART I Exploring the Humanities	1	(98)
You and the Humanities	2	(28)
Overview	3	(1)
Gifts of the Humanities	4	(9)
Love of the Beautiful	5	(3)
Love of Movement	8	(1)
Love of Language	9	(2)
Love of Ideas	11	(1)
Awareness of the Past	12	(1)
Apollonian and Dionysian Responses to the Humanities	13	(8)
The Pleasure of Responding Emotionally	14	(2)
The Pleasure of Responding Critically	16	(5)
A Guide to Critical Viewing: Professional and Personal	21	(6)
How the Professional Critic Responds	21	(4)
The Personal Critical Response	25	(2)
Becoming an ``Infinite'' Person	27	(1)
Key Terms	28	(1)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	29	(1)
Myth and the Origin of the Humanities	30	(36)
Overview	31	(2)
Archetypes in Mythology	33	(14)
The Hero as World Myth	34	(5)
Magic	39	(1)
The Power of Words	40	(1)
The Power of Numbers	40	(1)
The Circle	41	(1)
The Journey	42	(1)
The Garden	43	(2)
The Doomed Family	45	(1)
Gods as Human Beings	46	(1)
Myth as Explanation	47	(7)
Creation	47	(2)
The Natural World	49	(3)
Human Suffering	52	(2)
Myths of Childhood	54	(3)
The Need for Reassurance	55	(1)
The Importance of Being Attractive and Rich	55	(1)
The Importance of Names	56	(1)
The Dark Side	56	(1)
Popular Mythology	57	(4)
Common Sayings	57	(4)
How Myths Influence the Humanities	61	(3)
Key Terms	64	(1)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	65	(1)
Struggles of the Humanities	66	(33)
Overview	67	(2)
How Some Artists Fared in Their Lifetimes	69	(3)
Belated Recognition	70	(1)
Recognition in Life	71	(1)
Reasons for Conflict	72	(11)
Religious Content	72	(2)
Political Views	74	(3)
Sexual Themes	77	(2)
The Artist's Behavior	79	(2)
Unfamiliar Form	81	(2)
Repressive Measures Taken Against Artists	83	(5)
Suppression of ``Degenerate'' Art	84	(1)
``Are You Now or Have You Ever Been a Member...?''	85	(1)
Moral Censorship	86	(2)
Stereotyping as a Form of Repression	88	(3)
The Stages of Stereotyping	88	(2)
The Persistence of Stereotypes	90	(1)
Women and the Humanities	91	(5)
Early Exceptions to the Rule	92	(1)
The Quest for Equality	93	(3)
Key Terms	96	(1)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	97	(2)
PART II Disciplines of the Humanities	99	(296)
Literature	100	(40)
Overview	101	(1)
Literature as History	102	(5)
The Basic Literary Impulse: Identity	103	(1)
The First Epic: Gilgamesh	103	(1)
Another Early Epic: Homer's Iliad	104	(3)
Poetry	107	(21)
Lyrical Poetry	108	(1)
The Sonnet	109	(7)
Haiku	116	(1)
Simple Forms, Profound Meaning: William Blake	117	(1)
Religious Poetry	118	(3)
Modern Poetry	121	(7)
The Novel	128	(6)
Early Western Novels	129	(1)
An American Classic: Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby	130	(4)
The Short Story	134
Magazine Fiction	134	(1)
A Short Story Masterpiece: Shirley Jackson's ``The Lottery''	135
Chronology	115	(8)
Archetypes	123	(15)
Key Terms	138	(1)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	139	(1)
Art	140	(60)
Overview	141	(2)
The Need to Imitate	143	(4)
Let Me See!	145	(2)
Styles and Media	147	(1)
Creating Likeness in Different Styles	147	(18)
Classical Art	148	(5)
Medieval Art	153	(2)
Giotto	155	(1)
Renaissance Art	156	(1)
Leonardo	157	(3)
Michelangelo	160	(2)
Raphael	162	(2)
Two Women of the Post-Renaissance	164	(1)
Rembrandt: The Perfection of Likeness	164	(1)
A Rebellion Against Perfect Likeness	165	(7)
Goya	166	(2)
Impressionism	168	(1)
American Impressionism	169	(1)
Post-Impressionism	170	(2)
Art as Alteration	172	(19)
The Sixty-ninth Regiment Armory Show, 1913	174	(3)
Cubism: Picasso and Braque	177	(4)
Unreal Realism	181	(4)
Superrealism	185	(2)
Camera and Computer Art	187	(2)
Pop Art	189	(1)
Performance Art	190	(1)
Architecture as Art	191
Religious Architecture	192	(1)
Secular Architecture	193
Chronology	172	(4)
Archetypes	176	(21)
Key Terms	197	(1)
Art Movements and Styles	198	(1)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	199	(1)
Music	200	(42)
Overview	201	(2)
The Basic Elements of Music	203	(9)
Tone	203	(1)
Scale	203	(2)
Rhythm	205	(2)
Melody	207	(2)
Harmony and the Orchestra	209	(2)
Silence	211	(1)
The Varieties of Musical Experience	212	(8)
A Bach Fugue	212	(2)
A Beethoven Symphony	214	(4)
Art Songs	218	(1)
Folk Songs	219	(6)
The Spiritual	225	(1)
Ragtime	226	(1)
Jazz	227	(2)
Blues	229	(1)
Popular Songs	230	(2)
Rock	232	(4)
Hip-Hop	236	(1)
World Music	237	(1)
Avant-garde Music	238
Chronology	220	(11)
Archetypes	231	(9)
Key Terms	240	(1)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	241	(1)
Theater	242	(54)
Overview	243	(1)
Conventions of Theater	243	(16)
Conventions of Classical Theater	244	(2)
Elizabethan Conventions	246	(5)
Neoclassical Conventions	251	(2)
Victorian Conventions	253	(4)
Modern Conventions	257	(2)
Tragedy	259	(10)
Greek Tragedy	260	(4)
Shakespearean Tragedy	264	(2)
Neoclassical Tragedy	266	(1)
Modern Tragedy	266	(2)
Melodrama and Tragedy: A Contrast	268	(1)
Comedy	269	(7)
Farce	269	(3)
Satire and Parody	272	(2)
The Comedy of Character	274	(2)
Theater of Ideas	276	(3)
Ibsen	276	(3)
Shaw	279	(1)
Naturalism	279	(4)
Chekhov	279	(2)
The Family Theme	281	(2)
A Theatrical Century of Dynamic Change	283	(7)
The Modern Theater of Ideas	283	(2)
Racial Themes	285	(2)
Gay Rights	287	(2)
Eastern Theater and Its Influences	289	(1)
Behind the Scenes	290
Chronology	278	(4)
Archetypes	282	(11)
Key Terms	293	(2)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	295	(1)
Song and Dance	296	(42)
Overview	297	(1)
Opera and Operetta	298	(16)
Monteverdi	298	(2)
Classical Opera	300	(1)
Mozart	300	(4)
Romantic Opera	304	(2)
Wagner	306	(2)
Modern American Opera	308	(1)
Treemonisha	309	(1)
Showboat: An Operetta	309	(1)
Porgy and Bess	310	(1)
Nixon in China	311	(2)
The Peking Opera	313	(1)
The Broadway Musical	314	(10)
Of Thee I Sing	314	(3)
Pal Joey	317	(2)
Oklahoma!	319	(1)
West Side Story	320	(1)
Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street	321	(1)
The Lion King	322	(2)
Dance	324
Ballet	326	(2)
Modern Dance	328	(5)
Folkloric Tradition	333
Chronology	316	(10)
Archetypes	326	(10)
Key Terms	336	(1)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	337	(1)
Cinema	338	(57)
Overview	339	(1)
Conventions of Film	340	(4)
Some Early Milestones	344	(4)
Art and Propaganda I:D.W. Griffith	345	(1)
Art and Propaganda II: Sergei Eisenstein	345	(2)
Slapstick Comedy and More	347	(1)
Major Film Genres	348	(24)
Film Noir	349	(2)
Romantic Comedy	351	(3)
Bittersweet Compromises	354	(1)
The Comedy of Manners	355	(2)
Musical Comedy: Singing and Dancing with Fred, Ginger, and Gene	357	(2)
The Western	359	(3)
Slice of Life	362	(1)
Social Realism	362	(3)
Documentaries and Docudramas	365	(2)
Fictionalized Biography	367	(2)
Loosely Based on the Original	369	(3)
The Top Two American Films of the Twentieth Century	372	(5)
Citizen Kane	372	(2)
Casablanca	374	(3)
The Film Auteur	377	(13)
Ingmar Bergman	378	(2)
Federico Fellini	380	(2)
Alfred Hitchcock	382	(1)
Akira Kurosawa	383	(2)
Stanley Kubrick	385	(2)
Francis Ford Coppola	387	(1)
Martin Scorsese	387	(3)
Pedro Almodovar	390	(1)
A Word on Critical Viewing	390
Chronology	370	(8)
Archetypes	378	(14)
Key Terms	392	(1)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	393	(2)
PART III Themes in the Humanities	395	(224)
Religion	396	(44)
Overview	397	(1)
The Belief in Many Gods	398	(6)
Egypt	398	(1)
Hinduism	399	(3)
Greek and Roman Polytheism	402	(1)
Native American Religions	402	(2)
The Belief in an Impersonal Divinity	404	(11)
Buddhism	405	(5)
Taoism	410	(3)
Socrates and Plato	413	(1)
Aristotle's Unmoved Mover	414	(1)
The Belief in One God	415	(16)
Judaism	416	(4)
Christianity	420	(3)
Good, Evil, and Augustine	423	(3)
Logical Proof	426	(1)
Islam	427	(3)
The Protestant Reformation	430	(1)
The Questioning of Belief	431	(3)
Agnosticism	431	(1)
Atheism	431	(2)
Religion Versus...	433	(1)
Religion and the Arts	434
Chronology	425	(9)
Archetypes	434	(4)
Key Terms	438	(1)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	439	(1)
Morality	440	(42)
Overview	441	(1)
How We Arrive at Moral Decisions	442	(3)
Moral Systems	442	(1)
Morality in the Arts	443	(2)
The Morality of Self-Interest	445	(13)
Glaucon versus Socrates	446	(5)
Enlightened Self-Interest	451	(1)
Economics and Self-Interest	452	(3)
Transcending Self-Interest: Altruism	455	(3)
Moral Authorities	458	(16)
A Philosophical Defense of Altruism	458	(1)
The Moral Mathematics of Jeremy Bentham	459	(2)
Utilitarianism Modified: John Stuart Mill	461	(3)
The Moral Imperative of Immanuel Kant	464	(2)
Religion and Morality	466	(4)
The Morality of Work	470	(4)
Moral Relativism	474
The Global View	474	(3)
Feminist Morality	477
Chronology	465	(6)
Archetypes	471	(9)
Key Terms	480	(1)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	481	(1)
Happiness	482	(30)
Overview	483	(1)
Hedonism: Happiness as Pleasure	484	(5)
Hedonist Assumptions	487	(1)
Hedonism Reconsidered	488	(1)
Epicureanism: Happiness as Avoidance of Pain	489	(4)
Epicurean Assumptions	489	(3)
Epicureanism Reconsidered	492	(1)
Stoicism: Happiness as a Strategy for Survival	493	(4)
Working on the Mind	494	(2)
Stoicism Reconsidered	496	(1)
Aristotelianism: Happiness as the Quality of a Whole Lifetime	497	(8)
Pleasure a Limited Goal; Happiness a Complete Goal	498	(1)
Providing Happiness: A Government's Responsibility?	499	(2)
Aristotle Reconsidered	501	(4)
Eastern Philosophy and Happiness	505
Gandhi	505	(1)
Buddhist Paths to Happiness: Hinayana and Mahayana	506	(2)
The Dalai Lama	508
Chronology	500	(7)
Archetypes	507	(3)
Key Terms	510	(1)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	511	(1)
Love	512	(36)
Overview	513	(1)
Body and Soul	513	(17)
Eros	514	(6)
Agape	520	(2)
Family Love	522	(5)
Friendship	527	(3)
Romantic Love	530	(9)
Mariolatry	532	(1)
Romance and Chivalry	533	(3)
Courtly Love	536	(1)
Love as a Game	537	(2)
Love and Marriage	539
The Victorian Model	539	(2)
New Versions and Continued Misgivings	541	(2)
Love in a Time of Health Hazards	543	(1)
Love and Older People	544	(1)
Imagining a World in Which Only Sex Exists	544
Chronology	535	(5)
Archetypes	540	(6)
Key Terms	546	(1)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	547	(1)
Death and Life-Affirmation	548	(36)
Overview	549	(1)
Images of Death	550	(16)
Death in the Popular Arts	551	(2)
Humor	553	(1)
Magnifying and Beautifying Death	554	(1)
The Medicalization of Death	555	(1)
Death in Literature	556	(2)
Death in Music	558	(2)
A Philosopher's Death	560	(1)
Death and the Afterlife	561	(3)
Death and Fate	564	(2)
Symbolic Death	566	(6)
Unworth	566	(1)
Symbolic Suicide	567	(4)
Symbolic Murder	571	(1)
Models of Life-Affirmation	572
The Phoenix	572	(2)
There Is Only Now	574	(3)
Reinventing Ourselves	577	(3)
The Forgiveness Ritual	580
Chronology	570	(6)
Archetypes	576	(6)
Key Terms	582	(1)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	583	(1)
Freedom	584	(35)
Overview	585	(1)
Determinism and the Limitation of Choice	586	(14)
Past and Present Limitations	588	(1)
Institutional Determinism	589	(2)
Economic Determinism	591	(1)
Character Consistency	591	(4)
Behaviorism	595	(1)
Genetics	596	(3)
Sociobiology	599	(1)
Possibilities for Freedom	600	(7)
A Pessimist's Definition of the Will	601	(1)
Regret and Relief	602	(1)
Psychoanalysis: Freedom Through the Conscious Ego	603	(4)
Existentialism	607	(5)
Religious Existentialism	607	(1)
Secular Existentialism	608	(4)
Freedom Within Limitations	612
Chronology	600	(12)
Archetypes	612	(5)
Key Terms	617	(1)
Topics for Writing and Discussion	617	(2)
Endnotes	619	(6)
Credits	625	(2)
Index	627