Art of Digital Audio

by Watkinson; John

• ISBN13: 9780240515878
• ISBN10: 0240515870
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-12-14
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Described as "the most comprehensive book on digital audio to date", it is widely acclaimed as an industry "bible". Covering the very latest developments in digital audio technology, it provides an thorough introduction to the theory as well as acting as an authoritative and comprehensive professional reference source. Everything you need is here from the fundamental principles to the latest applications, written in an award-winning style with clear explanations from first principles. new material covered includes internet audio, PC audio technology, DVD, MPEG audio compression, digital audio broadcasting and audio networks. Whether you are in the field of audio engineering, sound recording, music technology, broadcasting and communications media or audio design and installation, this book has it all. Written by a leading international audio specialist, who conducts professional seminars and workshops around the world, the book has been road tested for many years by professional seminar attendees and students to ensure their needs are taken into account, and all the right information is covered. This new edition now includes: Internet audio PC Audio technology DVD MPEG Audio compression Digital Audio Broadcasting Audio networks Digital audio professionals will find everything they need here, from the fundamental principles to the latest applications, written in an award-winning style with clear explanations from first principles. John Watkinson is an international consultant in audio, video and data recording. He is a Fellow of the AES, a member of the British Computer Society and a chartered information systems practitioner. He presents lectures, seminars, conference papers and training courses worldwide. He is the author of many other Focal Press books, including: the Kraszna-Krausz award winning MPEG-2; The Art of Digital Audio; An Introduction to Digital Video; The Art of Sound Reproduction; An Introduction to Digital Audio; TV Fundamentals and Audio for Television. He is also co-author, with Francis Rumsey, of The Digital Interface Handbook, and contributor to the Loudspeaker and Headphone Handbook, 3rd edition.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Acknowledgements	xv
Why digital?	1	(31)
Introduction	1	(1)
What is digital audio?	2	(3)
Why binary?	5	(3)
Why digital?	8	(2)
Some digital audio processes outlined	10	(2)
The sampler	12	(1)
The programmable delay	13	(1)
Time compression	14	(1)
Synchronization	15	(1)
Error correction and concealment	16	(3)
Channel coding	19	(1)
Compression	20	(1)
Hard disk recorders	21	(1)
The PCM adaptor	22	(2)
An open-reel digital recorder	24	(1)
Rotary head digital recorders	25	(2)
Digital Compact Cassette	27	(1)
Digital audio broadcasting	28	(1)
Audio in PCs	29	(2)
Networks	31	(1)
Reference	31	(1)
Some audio principles	32	(49)
The physics of sound	32	(1)
The speed of sound	33	(3)
Wavelength	36	(1)
Periodic and aperiodic signals	36	(2)
Sound and the ear	38	(1)
Hearing	38	(2)
The cochlea	40	(2)
Mental processes	42	(3)
Level and loudness	45	(2)
Frequency discrimination	47	(1)
Critical bands	48	(3)
Beats	51	(2)
Music and the ear	53	(2)
The sensation of pitch	55	(3)
Frequency response and linearity	58	(3)
The sine wave	61	(2)
Root mean square measurements	63	(1)
The deciBel	64	(5)
Audio level metering	69	(2)
Vectors	71	(1)
Phase angle and power factor	72	(2)
Audio cabling	74	(2)
EMC	76	(2)
Electrical safety	78	(3)
References	79	(2)
Digital principles	81	(115)
Pure binary code	81	(4)
Two's complement	85	(3)
Introduction to digital processing	88	(1)
Logic elements	89	(4)
Storage elements	93	(1)
Binary adding	93	(3)
The computer	96	(3)
The processor	99	(2)
Interrupts	101	(2)
Programmable timers	103	(1)
Timebase compression and correction	103	(3)
Gain control	106	(2)
Digital faders and controls	108	(4)
A digital mixer	112	(3)
Effects	115	(2)
The phase-locked loop	117	(2)
Multiplexing principles	119	(1)
Packets	119	(1)
Statistical multiplexing	120	(1)
Filters	121	(4)
Transforms	125	(2)
FIR and IIR filters	127	(2)
FIR filters	129	(7)
Sampling rate conversion	136	(14)
IIR Filters	150	(5)
The z-transform	155	(6)
Bandpass filters	161	(6)
Higher-order filters: cascading	167	(1)
Pole/zero positions	168	(6)
The Fourier transform	174	(9)
The discrete cosine transform (DCT)	183	(3)
The wavelet transform	186	(1)
Modulo-n arithmetic	187	(1)
The Galois field	188	(4)
Noise and probability	192	(4)
References	194	(2)
Conversion	196	(79)
Introduction to conversion	196	(2)
Sampling and aliasing	198	(4)
Reconstruction	202	(2)
Filter design	204	(3)
Choice of sampling rate	207	(2)
Sample and hold	209	(2)
Sampling clock jitter	211	(4)
Aperture effect	215	(2)
Quantizing	217	(3)
Quantizing error	220	(4)
Introduction to dither	224	(4)
Requantizing and digital dither	228	(3)
Dither techniques	231	(4)
Rectangular pdf dither	231	(2)
Triangular pdf dither	233	(1)
Gaussian pdf dither	234	(1)
Basic digital-to-analog conversion	235	(7)
Basic analog-to-digital conversion	242	(7)
Alternative convertors	249	(3)
Oversampling	252	(6)
Oversampling without noise shaping	258	(1)
Noise shaping	259	(5)
Noise-shaping ADCs	264	(3)
A one-bit DAC	267	(2)
One-bit noise-shaping ADCs	269	(1)
Operating levels in digital audio	270	(5)
References	272	(3)
Compression	275	(52)
Introduction	275	(3)
Lossless and perceptive coding	278	(1)
Compression principles	279	(4)
Codec level calibration	283	(1)
Quality measurement	284	(2)
The limits	286	(1)
Some guidelines	287	(1)
Audio compression tools	288	(5)
Sub-band coding	293	(6)
Transform coding	299	(2)
Compression formats	301	(1)
MPEG Audio compression	302	(3)
MPEG Layer I	305	(5)
MPEG Layer II	310	(2)
MPEG Layer III	312	(4)
MPEG-2 AAC	316	(6)
apt-X	322	(1)
Dolby AC-3	323	(1)
ATRAC	324	(3)
References	325	(2)
Digital recording and transmission principles	327	(63)
Introduction to the channel	327	(2)
Types of transmission channel	329	(5)
Types of recording medium	334	(1)
Magnetism	334	(4)
Magnetic recording	338	(6)
Azimuth recording and rotary heads	344	(1)
Optical disks	345	(2)
Magneto-optical disks	347	(1)
Equalization	348	(2)
Data separation	350	(1)
Slicing	350	(3)
Jitter rejection	353	(4)
Channel coding	357	(3)
Recording-oriented codes	360	(1)
Transmission-oriented codes	361	(1)
General-purpose codes	362	(4)
Miller2 code	366	(1)
Group codes	366	(2)
4/5 code of MADI	368	(1)
2/3 code	369	(1)
EFM code in CD	370	(3)
The 8/10 group code of DAT	373	(3)
Tracking signals	376	(1)
Convolutional RLL codes	376	(1)
Graceful degradation	377	(1)
Randomizing	378	(1)
Communications codes	379	(4)
Convolutional randomizing	383	(2)
Synchronizing	385	(5)
References	388	(2)
Error correction	390	(55)
Sensitivity of message to error	390	(1)
Error mechanisms	391	(1)
Basic error correction	392	(1)
Error handling	393	(1)
Concealment by interpolation	394	(1)
Parity	395	(3)
Block and convolutional codes	398	(2)
Hamming code	400	(2)
Hamming distance	402	(4)
Cyclic codes	406	(7)
Punctured codes	413	(1)
Applications of cyclic codes	413	(2)
Burst correction	415	(3)
Introduction to the Reed---Solomon codes	418	(2)
R---S calculations	420	(6)
Correction by erasure	426	(2)
Interleaving	428	(2)
Product codes	430	(5)
Introduction to error correction in DAT	435	(4)
Editing interleaved recordings	439	(6)
Appendix 7.1 Calculation of Reed---Solomon generator polynomials	442	(1)
References	443	(2)
Transmission	445	(52)
Introduction	445	(1)
Introduction to AES/EBU interface	446	(1)
The electrical interface	446	(3)
Frame structure	449	(3)
Talkback in auxiliary data	452	(1)
Professional channel status	453	(3)
Consumer channel status	456	(5)
User bits	461	(1)
MADI---multi-channel digital audio interface	462	(1)
MADI data transmission	463	(1)
MADI frame structure	463	(1)
MADI audio channel format	464	(2)
Fibre-optic interfacing	466	(1)
Synchronizing	466	(2)
Asynchronous operation	468	(1)
Routing	469	(2)
Networks	471	(3)
Introduction to NICAM 728	474	(6)
Audio in digital television broadcasting	480	(2)
Packets and time stamps	482	(1)
MPEG transport streams	483	(2)
Clock references	485	(2)
Program Specific Information (PSI)	487	(1)
Multiplexing	488	(2)
Introduction to DAB	490	(1)
DAB principles	491	(6)
References	495	(2)
Digital audio tape recorders	497	(58)
Types of recorder	497	(2)
PCM adaptors	499	(3)
Introduction to DAT	502	(8)
Track following in DAT	510	(5)
Aligning for interchange	515	(3)
DAT data channel	518	(3)
Sound and subcode in shuttle	521	(3)
Timecode in DAT	524	(7)
Non-tracking replay	531	(1)
Quarter-inch rotary	532	(1)
Half-inch and 8 mm rotary formats	532	(1)
Digital audio in VTRs	533	(3)
Stationary-head recorders	536	(3)
DASH format	539	(8)
DCC --- digital compact cassette	547	(8)
Appendix 9.1 Timecode for Pro R conversion	552	(1)
References	553	(2)
Magnetic disk drives	555	(45)
Types of disk drive	555	(2)
Disk terminology	557	(1)
Structure of disk	558	(1)
Principle of flying head	558	(2)
Reading and writing	560	(2)
Moving the heads	562	(1)
Controlling a seek	563	(3)
Rotation	566	(1)
Servo-surface disks	567	(5)
Soft sectoring	572	(1)
Winchester technology	572	(2)
Servo-surface Winchester drives	574	(3)
Rotary positioners	577	(2)
Floppy disks	579	(3)
Error handling	582	(5)
RAID arrays	587	(1)
The disk controller	588	(3)
Digital audio disk systems	591	(4)
Arranging the audio data on disk	595	(2)
Spooling files	597	(1)
Broadcast applications	598	(1)
Sampling rate and playing time	598	(2)
References	599	(1)
Digital audio editing	600	(19)
Introduction	600	(2)
Editing with random access media	602	(1)
Editing on recording media	602	(1)
The structure of an editor	603	(2)
Timecode	605	(1)
Locating the edit point	605	(4)
Editing with disk drives	609	(3)
CD mastering	612	(1)
Editing in DAT	613	(1)
Editing in open-reel digital recorders	614	(2)
Jump editing	616	(3)
References	618	(1)
Digital audio in optical disks	619	(85)
Types of optical disk	619	(4)
CD, DVD and MD contrasted	623	(1)
CD and MD --- disk construction	624	(2)
Rejecting surface contamination	626	(3)
Playing optical disks	629	(6)
Focus systems	635	(4)
Tracking systems	639	(3)
Typical pickups	642	(3)
DVD and CD readout in detail	645	(8)
How optical disks are made	653	(6)
Direct metal mastering	659	(1)
MiniDisc read/write in detail	660	(3)
How recordable MiniDiscs are made	663	(1)
Channel code of CD and MiniDisc	664	(10)
Deserialization	674	(6)
Error-correction strategy	680	(3)
Track layout of MD	683	(2)
CD subcode	685	(7)
MD table of contents	692	(1)
CD player structure	692	(8)
MD recorder/player structure	700	(1)
Structure of a DVD player	700	(4)
References	703	(1)
Sound quality considerations	704	(37)
Introduction	704	(3)
Information capacity	707	(1)
Loudspeaker problems	707	(1)
Subjective and objective testing	708	(2)
Objective testing	710	(10)
Subjective testing	720	(2)
Digital audio quality	722	(7)
Use of high sampling rates	729	(1)
Digital audio interface quality	730	(3)
Compression in stereo	733	(8)
References	739	(2)
Index	741