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Marilyn Stokstad, teacher, art historian, and museum curator, has been a leader in her field for decades and has served as president of the College Art Association and the International Center of Medieval Art. In 2002, she was awarded the lifetime achievement award from the National Women’s Caucus for Art. In 1997, she was awarded the Governor’s Arts Award as Kansas Art Educator of the Year and an honorary degree of doctor of humane letters by Carleton College. She is Judith Harris Murphy Distinguished Professor Emerita at the University of Kansas, Lawrence. She has also served in various leadership capacities at the University’s Spencer Museum of Art and is Consultative Curator of Medieval Art at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri
Michael W. Cothren is Scheuer Family Professor of Humanities at Swarthmore College, where he has also served as Art Department Chair, Coordinator of Medieval Studies, and Divisional Chair of the Humanities. Since arriving at Swarthmore in 1978, he has taught specialized courses on Medieval, Roman, and Islamic art and architecture, as well as seminars on visual narrative and on theory and method, but he particularly enjoys teaching the survey to Swarthmore beginners. His research and publications focus on French Gothic art and architecture, most recently in a book on the stained glass of Beauvais Cathedral entitled Picturing the Celestial City. Michael is a consultative curator at the Glencairn Museum in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania. He has served on the board of the International Center of Medieval Art and as President both of the American Committee of the International Corpus Vitrearum and of his local school board. When not teaching, writing, or pursuing art historical research, you can finding him hiking in the red rocks around Sedona, Arizona.
BRIEF CONTENTS
CONTENTS vii
Chapter 7 JEWISH, EARLY CHRISTIAN, AND BYZANTINE ART 217
Chapter 8 ISLAMIC ART 261
Chapter 14 EARLY MEDIEVAL ART IN EUROPE 423
Chapter 15 ROMANESQUE ART 453
Chapter 16 GOTHIC ART OF THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES 491
Chapter 17 FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN EUROPE 529
CONTEMPORARY WORLD MAP
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CREDITS
INDEX
DETAILED CONTENTS
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER 7 JEWISH, EARLY CHRISTIAN, AND BYZANTINE ART 217
JEWS, CHRISTIANS, AND MUSLIMS 218
Early Jewish Art 218
Early Christian Art 222
IMPERIAL CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE AND ART 226
Architecture 226
Sculpture 229
Ravenna 230
EARLY BYZANTINE ART 233
The Golden Age of Justinian 233
Objects of Veneration and Devotion 242
Icons and Iconoclasm 244
MIDDLE BYZANTINE ART 246
Architecture and Mosaics 247
Objects of Veneration and Devotion 252
LATE BYZANTINE ART 254
Constantinople: The Chora Church 254
Moscow: Rublyov 259
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Narrative and Iconic 224
The Life of Jesus 231
Naming Christian Churches: Designation + Dedication + Location 239
Scroll and Codex 243
Iconoclasm 246
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Funerary Chapel of Theodore Metochites 256
A CLOSER LOOK
The Mosaic Floor of the Beth Alpha Synagogue 221
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Longitudinal-Plan and Central-Plan Churches 228
Pendentives and Squinches 236
RECOVERING THE PAST
Dura-Europos 223
CHAPTER 8 ISLAMIC ART 261
ISLAM AND EARLY ISLAMIC SOCIETY 262
ART AND ARCHITECTURE THROUGH THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY 265
Early Architecture 265
THE LATER PERIOD 270
Architecture of the Mediterranean 271
Architecture of the East 275
Portable Arts 276
The Arts of the Book 279
Manuscript Painting 280
ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE THREE EMPIRES 282
The Ottoman Empire 282
The Safavid Dynasty 285
Mughal Dynasty 288
THE MODERN ERA 289
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Five Pillars of Islam 267
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Great Mosque of Cordoba 268
A CLOSER LOOK
A Mamluk Glass Oil Lamp 273
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Arches 271
TECHNIQUE
Ornament 264
Carpet Making 286
CHAPTER 14 EARLY MEDIEVAL ART IN EUROPE 423
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 424
THE ART OF THE “BARBARIANS” IN EUROPE 425
The Merovingians 425
The Norse 427
The Celts and Anglo-Saxons in Britain 427
THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ART OF THE BRITISH ISLES 428
Illustrated Books 429
MOZARABIC ART IN SPAIN 433
Beatus Manuscripts 433
THE VIKING ERA 435
The Oseberg Ship 435
Picture Stones at Jelling 436
Timber Architecture 436
THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE 438
Carolingian Architecture 438
Illustrated Books 442
Carolingian Metalwork 445
OTTONIAN EUROPE 446
Ottonian Architecture 446
Ottonian Sculpture 448
Illustrated Books 450
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Defining the Middle Ages 425
The Medieval Scriptorium 432
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Lindisfarne Gospels 430
A CLOSER LOOK
Psalm 23 in the Utrecht Psalter 445
RECOVERING THE PAST
Sutton Hoo 429
CHAPTER 15 ROMANESQUE ART 453
EUROPE IN THE ROMANESQUE PERIOD 454
Political and Economic Life 454
The Church 454
ROMANESQUE ART 455
ARCHITECTURE 456
“First Romanesque” 457
“Pilgrimage Churches” 457
Cluny 460
The Cistercians 463
Regional Styles in Romanesque Architecture 464
Secular Architecture: Dover Castle, England 472
ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE 473
Wiligelmo at the Cathedral of Modena 474
The Priory Church of Saint-Pierre at Moissac 474
The Church of Saint-Lazare at Autun 477
SCULPTURE IN WOOD AND BRONZE 480
Christ on the Cross (Majestat Batlló) 480
Mary as the Throne of Wisdom 480
Tomb of Rudolf of Swabia 481
Reiner of Huy 482
TEXTILES AND BOOKS 482
Chronicling History 483
Sacred Books 486
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Pilgrim’s Journey 458
Relics and Reliquaries 462
St. Bernard and Theophilus: The Monastic Controversy over the Visual Arts 464
The Paintings of San Climent in Taull: Mozarabic Meets Byzantine 468
Hildegard of Bingen 487
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Bayeux Embroidery 484
A CLOSER LOOK
The Last Judgment Tympanum at Autun 478
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
The Romanesque Church Portal 473
CHAPTER 16 GOTHIC ART OF THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES 491
THE EMERGENCE OF THE GOTHIC STYLE 492
The Rise of Urban and Intellectual Life 492
The Age of Cathedrals 493
GOTHIC ART IN FRANCE 493
The Birth of Gothic at the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis 494
Gothic Cathedrals 496
Art in the Age of St. Louis 507
GOTHIC ART IN ENGLAND 512
Manuscript Illumination 512
Architecture 515
GOTHIC ART IN GERMANY AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 517
Architecture 518
Sculpture 520
GOTHIC ART IN ITALY 522
Sculpture: The Pisano Family 522
Painting 525
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Abbot Suger on the Value of Art in Monasteries 493
Master Builders 502
Villard de Honnecourt 508
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Sainte-Chapelle in Paris 510
A CLOSER LOOK
The Opening of Psalm 1 in the Windmill Psalter 514
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Rib Vaulting 497
The Gothic Church 499
TECHNIQUE
Stained-Glass Windows 496
RECOVERING THE PAST
The Church of St. Francis at Assisi 523
CHAPTER 17 FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN EUROPE 529
FOURTEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE 530
ITALY 531
Florentine Architecture and Metalwork 532
Florentine Painting 532
Sienese Painting 539
FRANCE 547
Manuscript Illumination 547
Metalwork and Ivory 549
ENGLAND 552
Embroidery: Opus Anglicanum 552
Architecture 554
THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 554
Mysticism and Suffering 554
The Supremacy of Prague 555
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
A New Spirit in Fourteenth-Century Literature 531
The Black Death 546
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
An Ivory Chest with Scenes of Romance 550
A CLOSER LOOK
The Hours of Jeanne d’Évreux 548
TECHNIQUE
Buon Fresco 537
Cennino Cennini on Panel Painting 542
CONTEMPORARY WORLD MAP
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CREDITS
INDEX
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