Marilyn Stokstad, teacher, art historian, and museum curator, has been a leader in her field for decades and has served as president of the College Art Association and the International Center of Medieval Art. In 2002, she was awarded the lifetime achievement award from the National Women’s Caucus for Art. In 1997, she was awarded the Governor’s Arts Award as Kansas Art Educator of the Year and an honorary degree of doctor of humane letters by Carleton College. She is Judith Harris Murphy Distinguished Professor Emerita at the University of Kansas, Lawrence. She has also served in various leadership capacities at the University’s Spencer Museum of Art and is Consultative Curator of Medieval Art at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri
Michael W. Cothren is Scheuer Family Professor of Humanities at Swarthmore College, where he has also served as Art Department Chair, Coordinator of Medieval Studies, and Divisional Chair of the Humanities. Since arriving at Swarthmore in 1978, he has taught specialized courses on Medieval, Roman, and Islamic art and architecture, as well as seminars on visual narrative and on theory and method, but he particularly enjoys teaching the survey to Swarthmore beginners. His research and publications focus on French Gothic art and architecture, most recently in a book on the stained glass of Beauvais Cathedral entitled Picturing the Celestial City. Michael is a consultative curator at the Glencairn Museum in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania. He has served on the board of the International Center of Medieval Art and as President both of the American Committee of the International Corpus Vitrearum and of his local school board. When not teaching, writing, or pursuing art historical research, you can finding him hiking in the red rocks around Sedona, Arizona.
BRIEF CONTENTS
CONTENTS vii
PREFACE xii
WHAT’S NEW xiv
FACULTY AND STUDENT RESOURCES FOR ART HISTORY xviii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND GRATITUDE xix
USE NOTES xxi
STARTER KIT xxii
INTRODUCTION xxvi
Chapter 17 FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN EUROPE 529
Chapter 18 FIFTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN NORTHERN EUROPE 561
Chapter 19 RENAISSANCE ART IN FIFTEENTH CENTURY ITALY 593
Chapter 20 SIXTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN ITALY 631
Chapter 21 SIXTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN NORTHERN EUROPE AND THE IBERIAN PENINSULA 677
Chapter 22 SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN EUROPE 711
Chapter 23 ART OF SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA AFTER 1200 771
Chapter 24 CHINESE AND KOREAN ART AFTER 1279 791
Chapter 25 JAPANESE ART AFTER 1333 813
Chapter 26 ART OF THE AMERICAS AFTER 1300 835
Chapter 27 ART OF PACIFIC CULTURES 859
Chapter 28 ART OF AFRICA IN THE MODERN ERA 879
Chapter 29 EIGHTEENTH- AND EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY ART IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA 903
Chapter 30 MID- TO LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY ART IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 961
Chapter 31 MODERN ART IN EUROPE AND THE AMERICAS, 1900–1950 1017
Chapter 32 THE INTERNATIONAL SCENE SINCE 1950 1083
DETAILED CONTENTS
CONTENTS vii
PREFACE xiv
WHAT’S NEW xv
FACULTY AND STUDENT RESOURCES FOR ART HISTORY xviii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND GRATITUDE xix
USE NOTES xxi
STARTER KIT xxii
INTRODUCTION xxvi
CHAPTER 17 FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN EUROPE 529
FOURTEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE 530
ITALY 531
Florentine Architecture and Metalwork 532
Florentine Painting 532
Sienese Painting 539
FRANCE 547
Manuscript Illumination 547
Metalwork and Ivory 549
ENGLAND 552
Embroidery: Opus Anglicanum 552
Architecture 554
THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 554
Mysticism and Suffering 554
The Supremacy of Prague 555
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
A New Spirit in Fourteenth-Century Literature 531
The Black Death 546
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
An Ivory Chest with Scenes of Romance 550
A CLOSER LOOK
The Hours of Jeanne d’Évreux 548
TECHNIQUE
Buon Fresco 537
Cennino Cennini on Panel Painting 542
CHAPTER 18 FIFTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN NORTHERN EUROPE 561
THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE 562
ART FOR THE FRENCH DUCAL COURTS 562
Painting and Sculpture for the Chartreuse de Champmol 562
Manuscript Illumination 566
Textiles 568
PAINTING IN FLANDERS 571
The Founders of the Flemish School 571
Painting at Mid Century: The Second Generation 580
EUROPE BEYOND FLANDERS 583
France 584
Germany and Switzerland 586
THE GRAPHIC ARTS 589
Single Sheets 589
Printed Books 589
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Altars and Altarpieces 564
Women Artists in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance 566
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Ghent Altarpiece 576
A CLOSER LOOK
A Goldsmith in his Shop 581
TECHNIQUE
Oil Painting 571
Woodcuts and Engravings on Metal 590
CHAPTER 19 RENAISSANCE ART IN FIFTEENTH-CENTURY ITALY 593
HUMANISM AND THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 594
FLORENCE 594
Architecture 595
Sculpture 602
Painting 609
Painting in Florence after Masaccio 612
ITALIAN ART IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 615
Urbino 615
Mantua 620
Rome 621
The Later Fifteenth Century in Florence 623
Venice 627
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Competition Reliefs 601
The Morelli—Nerli Wedding Chests 616
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Foundling Hospital 598
A CLOSER LOOK
Primavera 626
TECHNIQUE
Renaissance Perspective 608
CHAPTER 20 SIXTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN ITALY 631
EUROPE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 632
ITALY IN THE EARLY SIXTEENTH CENTURY: THE HIGH RENAISSANCE 632
Three Great Artists of the Early Sixteenth Century 633
Architecture in Rome and the Vatican 650
Architecture, Painting, and Sculpture in Northern Italy 650
Venice and the Veneto 654
MANNERISM 659
Painting 660
Sculpture 665
ART AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION 666
Art and Architecture in Rome and the Vatican 666
LATER SIXTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN VENICE AND THE VENETO 670
Oil Painting 670
Architecture: Palladio 672
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Vitruvian Man 637
St. Peter’s Basilica 651
Women Patrons of the Arts 658
Veronese is Called before the Inquisition 671
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Raphael’s Cartoons for Tapestries in the Sistine Chapel 646
A CLOSER LOOK
The School of Athens 640
CHAPTER 21 SIXTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN NORTHERN EUROPE AND THE IBERIAN PENINSULA 677
THE REFORMATION AND THE ARTS 678
GERMANY 679
Sculpture 679
Painting 680
FRANCE 689
A French Renaissance under Francis I 689
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 692
Architecture 694
Painting 694
THE NETHERLANDS 696
Art for Aristocratic and Noble Patrons 696
Antwerp 701
ENGLAND 705
Artists in the Tudor Court 705
Architecture 708
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Castle of the Ladies 690
Sculpture for the Knights of Christ at Tomar 693
Armor for Royal Games 707
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Breugel’s Cycle of the Months 702
A CLOSER LOOK
The French Ambassadors 704
TECHNIQUE
German Metalwork: A Collaborative Venture 684
CHAPTER 22 SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN EUROPE 711
“BAROQUE” 712
ITALY 712
Architecture and Sculpture in Rome 712
Painting 718
SPAIN 729
Painting in Spain’s Golden Age 729
Architecture in Spain 734
FLANDERS AND THE NETHERLANDS 735
Flanders 735
The Dutch Republic 742
France 755
Architecture and its Decoration at Versailles 758
Painting 759
ENGLAND 765
Architecture 765
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Science and the Changing Worldview 756
Grading the Old Masters 764
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Caravaggio in the Contarelli Chapel 722
A CLOSER LOOK
Brueghel and Rubens’s Allegory of Sight 740
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Seventeenth-Century French Garden Design 760
TECHNIQUE
Etchings and Drypoint 748
CHAPTER 23 ART OF SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA AFTER 1200 771
INDIA AFTER 1200 772
Buddhist Art 772
Jain Art 773
Hindu Art 774
THE BUDDHIST AND HINDU INHERITANCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 775
Theravada Buddhism in Burma and Thailand 775
Vietnamese Ceramics 777
Indonesian Traditions 778
MUGHAL PERIOD 778
Mughal Architecture 779
Mughal Painting 781
Rajput Painting 784
INDIA’S ENGAGEMENT WITH THE WEST 786
British Colonial Period 786
The Modern Period 787
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Tantric Influence in the Art of Nepal and Tibet 776
Foundations of Indian Culture 778
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Luxury Arts 782
A CLOSER LOOK
Private Audience Hall, Fatehpur Sikri 780
TECHNIQUE
Indian Painting on Paper 783
CHAPTER 24 CHINESE AND KOREAN ART AFTER 1279 791
THE MONGOL INVASIONS 792
YUAN DYNASTY 792
MING DYNASTY 795
Court and Professional Painting 796
Decorative Arts 798
Architecture and City Planning 799
The Literati Aesthetic 800
QING DYNASTY 804
Orthodox Painting 805
Individualist Painting 805
THE MODERN PERIOD 806
ARTS OF KOREA: THE JOSEON DYNASTY TO THE MODERN ERA 807
Joseon Ceramics 807
Joseon Painting 808
Modern Korea 810
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Foundations of Chinese Culture 793
Marco Polo 794
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Poet on a Mountaintop 802
A CLOSER LOOK
Spring Dawn in the Han Palace 798
TECHNIQUE
Formats of Chinese Painting 797
The Secret of Porcelain 800
CHAPTER 25 JAPANESE ART AFTER 1333 813
MUROMACHI PERIOD 814
Zen Ink Painting 814
The Zen Dry Garden 816
MOMOYAMA PERIOD 817
Architecture 818
Decorative Paintings for Shoin Rooms 818
The Tea Ceremony 820
EDO PERIOD 821
Rinpa School Painting 821
Naturalistic Painting 824
Literati Painting 825
Ukiyo-e: Pictures of the Floating World 826
Zen Painting: Buddhist Art for Rural Commoners 827
Crafts 828
THE MODERN PERIOD 829
Meiji Period Nationalist Painting 829
Japan After World War II 830
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Foundations of Japanese Culture 817
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Lacquer Box for Writing Implements 822
A CLOSER LOOK
Kosode with Design of Waves and Floral Bouquets 830
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Shoin Design 819
TECHNIQUE
Inside a Writing Box 824
Japanese Woodblock Prints 828
RECOVERING THE PAST
Craftmakers as Living National Treasures 832
CHAPTER 26 ART OF THE AMERICAS: AFTER 1300 835
THE AZTEC EMPIRE 836
Tenochtitlan 836
Sculpture 837
Featherwork 838
Manuscripts 839
THE INCA EMPIRE IN SOUTH AMERICA 840
Cuzco 841
Textiles 842
Metalwork 843
The Aftermath of the Spanish Conquest 843
NORTH AMERICA 843
The Eastern Woodlands 844
The Great Plains 846
The Northwest Coast 849
The Southwest 852
A NEW BEGINNING 855
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Navajo Night Chant 854
Craft or Art? 856
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Hamatsa Masks 850
A CLOSER LOOK
Calendar Stone 839
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Inca Masonry 842
TECHNIQUE
Basketry 845
CHAPTER 27 ART OF PACIFIC CULTURES 859
THE PEOPLING OF THE PACIFIC 860
AUSTRALIA 861
MELANESIA 862
New Guinea 863
New Ireland 865
New Britain 866
MICRONESIA 866
POLYNESIA 868
Marquesas Islands 869
Hawai’i 872
Monumental Moai on Rapa Nui 873
Samoa 874
RECENT ART IN OCEANIA 874
Pacific Arts Festival 974
BOXES
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Te-Hau-ki-Turanga 870
A CLOSER LOOK
Man’s Love Story 876
CHAPTER 28 ART OF AFRICA IN THE MODERN ERA 879
TRADITIONAL AND CONTEMPORARY AFRICA 880
Domestic Architecture 882
Children and the Continuity of Life 883
Initiation 885
The Spirit World 889
Leadership 891
Death and Ancestors 895
CONTEMPORARY ART 899
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Foundations of African Cultures 883
Divination among the Chokwe 892
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Kuba Funerary Rites 896
A CLOSER LOOK
Kongo Nkisi Nkonde 890
CHAPTER 29 EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY ART IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA 903
INDUSTRIAL, INTELLECTUAL, AND POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS 904
THE ROCOCO STYLE 904
Rococo Salons 905
Rococo Painting and Sculpture 906
Rococo Church Decoration 910
ITALY: THE GRAND TOUR AND NEOCLASSICISM 911
Grand Tour Portraits and Views 911
Neoclassicism in Rome 913
NEOCLASSICISM AND EARLY ROMANTICISM
IN BRITAIN 915
The Classical Revival in Architecture and Design 916
The Gothic Revival in Architecture and Design 919
Trends in British Painting 920
LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ART IN FRANCE 930
Architecture 930
Painting and Sculpture 932
ART IN SPAIN AND SPANISH AMERICA 938
Portraiture and Protest in Spain: Goya 938
The Art of the Americas under Spain 941
EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY ART: NEOCLASSICISM
AND ROMANTICISM 943
Neoclassicism and Romanticism in France 944
Romantic Landscape Painting 953
Gothic and Neoclassical Styles in Architecture 956
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Academies and Academy Exhibitions 924
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Raft of the “Medusa” 946
A CLOSER LOOK
Georgian Silver 919
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Iron as a Building Material 926
TECHNIQUE
Lithography 952
CHAPTER 30 MID TO LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY ART IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 961
EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES IN THE MID TO LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY 962
FRENCH ACADEMIC ARCHITECTURE AND ART 962
Academic Architecture 963
Academic Painting and Sculpture 964
EARLY PHOTOGRAPHY IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 967
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE AVANT GARDE: REALISM AND BEYOND 971
Realism and Revolution 971
The Painter of Modern Life: Manet 976
Responses to Realism Beyond France 979
IMPRESSIONISM 984
The Landscape 984
The Figure 987
Modern Life 989
LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY ART AND THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERNISM 991
Post-Impressionism 992
Late Nineteenth-Century Art in Britain 997
Symbolism 1001
Late Nineteenth-Century French Sculpture 1003
Art Nouveau 1004
Cézanne and the Beginnings of Modernism 1007
THE ORIGINS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE 1009
Technology and Structure 1009
The Chicago School of Architecture 1011
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Snake Charmer 966
The Mass Dissemination of Art 974
Art on Trial in 1877 999
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Modern Artists and World Cultures 994
A CLOSER LOOK
Manet’s A Bar at the Folies-Bergère 980
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
The City Park 1014
TECHNIQUE
The Photographic Process 970
CHAPTER 31 MODERN ART IN EUROPE AND THE AMERICAS, 1900—1950 1017
EUROPE AND AMERICA IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY 1018
EARLY MODERN ART IN EUROPE 1019
The Fauves: Wild Beasts of Color 1019
Picasso, Primitivism, and the Coming of Cubism 1021
The Bridge and Primitivism 1026
Independent Expressionists 1028
Spiritualism of the Blue Rider 1029
Extensions of Cubism 1031
Toward Abstraction in Sculpture 1035
Dada: Questioning Art Itself 1036
MODERNIST TENDENCIES IN AMERICA 1040
The Ashcan School 1040
Stieglitz and the “291” Gallery 1041
The Armory Show and Home-Grown Modernism 1042
EARLY MODERN ARCHITECTURE 1043
European Modernism 1045
American Modern Architecture 1046
ART BETWEEN THE WARS IN EUROPE 1048
Utilitarian Art Forms in Russia 1048
Rationalism in the Netherlands 1052
Bauhaus Art in Germany 1054
Surrealists Rearrange Our Minds 1056
Unit One in England 1060
MODERN ART IN THE AMERICAS BETWEEN THE WARS 1061
The Harlem Renaissance 1061
Rural America 1065
Canada 1067
Mexico 1068
Brazil 1070
Cuba 1071
POSTWAR ART IN EUROPE AND THE AMERICAS 1071
Figural Responses and Art Informel in Europe
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM 1073
The Center Shifts: Postwar Art in New York 1073
The Formative Phase 1074
Jackson Pollock and Action Painting 1075
Color Field Painting 1079
Sculpture of the New York School 1081
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Suppression of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany 1055
Federal Patronage for American Art During the Depression 1066
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Guernica 1062
A CLOSER LOOK
Portrait of a German Officer 1044
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
The Skyscraper 1050
The International Style 1057
CHAPTER 32 THE INTERNATIONAL SCENE SINCE 1950 1083
THE WORLD SINCE THE 1950S 1084
The Art World Since the 1950s 1084
THE EXPANDING ART WORLD 1084
Assemblage 1084
Happenings and Performance Art 1085
Photography 1089
Pop Art 1090
THE DEMATERIALIZATION OF THE ART OBJECT 1094
Minimalism 1094
Conceptual and Performance Art 1095
Process Art 1097
Feminism and Art 1099
Earthworks and Site-Specific Sculpture 1102
ARCHITECTURE: MIDCENTURY MODERNISM TO POSTMODERNISM 1104
Midcentury Modernist Architecture 1104
Postmodern Architecture 1105
POSTMODERNISM 1106
Painting 1106
Postmodernism and Gender 1109
Postmodernism, Race and Ethnicity 1111
Sculpture 1112
ART, ACTIVISM, AND CONTROVERSY: THE NINETIES 1114
The Culture Wars 1115
Activist Art 1117
Postcolonial Discourse 1121
High Tech and Deconstructive Architecture 1123
Video and Film 1125
GLOBALISM: INTO THE NEW MILLENNIUM 1126
Art and Technology 1127
Art and Ambiguous Identities 1128
BOXES
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Guerrilla Girls 1108
Controversies Over Public Funding for the Arts 1120
THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Dinner Party 1100
A CLOSER LOOK
Martin Puryear, Plenty’s Boast, 1994—1995 1098
CONTEMPORARY WORLD MAP 1136
GLOSSARY 1137
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1146
CREDITS 1158
INDEX 1163
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