Artificial Tactile Sensing in Biomedical Engineering

by Najarian, Siamak; Dargahi, Javad; Mehrizi, Ali

• ISBN13: 9780071601511
• ISBN10: 0071601511
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-05-18
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education

Summary

Master Artificial Tactile Sensing Design for Biomedical Engineering ApplicationsFilled with high-quality photographs and illustrations, including some in color, this definitive guide details the design and manufacturing of artificial tactile systems and their applications in surgical procedures. Artificial Tactile Sensing in Biomedical Engineering explains the fundamentals of the human sense of touch and the latest techniques for artificially replicating it. The book describes the mechanistic principles of static and dynamic tactile sensors and discusses cutting-edge biomedical applications, including minimally invasive surgery, tumor detection, robotic surgery, and surgical simulations.Artificial Tactile Sensing in Biomedical Engineering covers: Capacitive, magnetic, inductive, conductive elastomeric, optical, and thermal sensors Strain gauge and piezoelectric sensors Tactile sensing in surgery and palpation Tactile image information through palpation Tumor detection via artificial tactile sensing Estimating tumor parameters using the finite element method and an artificial neural network Determination of mechanical properties of biological tissues Tactile sensing in remote and robotic surgery Haptics application in surgical simulation

Author Biography

Siamak Najarian, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran..
Javad Dargahi, Ph.D.,is an Associate Professor in.the department of mechanical engineering at the University of Concordia..
Ali Abouei Mehrizi, M.Sc. of Biomedical Engineering, Research Associate, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran... ..

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
The Four Senses in Humans: Sight, Hearing, Smell, and Taste	p. 1
Sense of Sight	p. 1
The Adjustment in the Eyes	p. 2
Sense of Hearing	p. 6
Sound Waves	p. 8
The Function of the Outer Ear	p. 8
The Function of the Middle Ear	p. 9
The Function of the Inner Ear	p. 9
The Function of the Round Window	p. 10
The Activation of Auditory Afferents	p. 10
The Pattern of Vibration of the Basilar Membrane	p. 11
The Coding of Frequency of a Sound	p. 11
The Coding of Loudness	p. 11
Hearing Loss	p. 12
Sense of Smell	p. 12
The Olfactory System	p. 13
Sense of Taste	p. 16
References	p. 18
The Sense of Touch	p. 19
Introduction	p. 19
The Exteroceptive Sensor System	p. 22
The Receptive Field	p. 24
The Proprioceptive Sensor System	p. 24
Transduction of Mechanical Stimuli to Neural Impulses	p. 27
Pathways of Tactile Information	p. 30
Special Features of Tactile Sensing	p. 31
References	p. 33
Introduction to Tactile Sensing and Tactile Sensors	p. 35
Tactile Sensing	p. 35
Tactile Sensors	p. 38
Terminology of Artificial Sensors	p. 38
Resolution	p. 39
Transfer Function	p. 39
Sensitivity	p. 39
Calibration	p. 40
Linearity	p. 40
Hysteresis	p. 40
Accuracy	p. 41
Span or Dynamic Range	p. 42
Noise	p. 42
Repeatability	p. 43
Reliability	p. 43
Response Time	p. 43
Some Other Specifications for Tactile Sensors	p. 44
Classification of Tactile Sensors	p. 44
References	p. 47
Introduction to Tactile Sensing Technologies	p. 49
Introduction	p. 49
Capacitive Sensors	p. 49
Inductive Sensors	p. 52
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)	p. 55
Conductive Elastomers and Carbon Fibers	p. 59
Optical Sensors	p. 63
Thermal Sensors	p. 65
Time of Flight Sensors	p. 65
Binary Pressure Sensors	p. 66
Fluidic Coupling	p. 68
The Hall Effect and Magnetoresistance	p. 68
References	p. 71
Strain Gauge Sensors	p. 73
Introduction	p. 73
Metal Strain Gauges	p. 73
Semiconductor Strain Gauges	p. 81
References	p. 84
Piezoelectric Sensors	p. 85
Piezoelectric Materials	p. 85
Piezoelectric Ceramics	p. 85
Directional Dependence of Piezoelectricity	p. 86
Polyvinylidence Fluoride	p. 91
Piezoelectric Sensors in Biomedical Applications	p. 91
A Piezoelectric Tactile Sensor for Use in Endoscopic Surgery	p. 92
A Multifunctional PVDF-Based Tactile Sensor for Minimally Invasive Surgery	p. 92
A Piezoelectric Tactile Sensory System with Graphical Display of Tactile Sensing Data	p. 94
A Hybrid Piezoelectric-Capacitive Tactile Sensor	p. 99
References	p. 103
Application of Tactile Sensing in Surgery	p. 105
Open Surgery and Minimally Invasive Surgery	p. 105
Basic Components of a Tactile Sensing System for Use in MIS	p. 108
Tactile Sensor	p. 108
Tactile Data Processing	p. 109
Tactile Display	p. 111
Design Considerations for Tactile Sensing Systems in MIS	p. 111
Remote Palpation Instruments for MIS	p. 112
Design Specifications for Remote Palpation Instruments	p. 114
Analysis of Contact Force Between an Endoscopic Grasper Used in MIS and the Biological Tissues	p. 115
References	p. 122
Tactile Image Information	p. 123
Introduction to Palpation	p. 123
Taxonomy of Palpation	p. 124
Palpation and Tactile Image	p. 125
Information for Mapping Tactile Imaging	p. 125
Imaging Procedures for Breast Cancer	p. 130
Breast Self Exam	p. 130
Clinical Breast Exam	p. 131
Mammography	p. 131
Tactile Imaging and Breast Cancer Screening	p. 131
Estimating of Lesion Parameters	p. 132
Analytical Solution	p. 133
Tactile Information from Finite Element Models	p. 135
Inversion Algorithm	p. 136
References	p. 140
Application and Recent Developments of Tactile Sensing in Tumor Detection	p. 143
Introduction	p. 143
Detection of Tumors Using a Computational Tactile Sensing Method	p. 143
Application of Artificial Neural Networks for the Estimation of Tumor Characteristics in Biological Tissues	p. 149
Prediction of Tumor Existence in the Virtual Soft Tissue by Using Tactile Tumor Detector	p. 152
Graphical Rendering of Localized Lumps for MIS Applications	p. 153
System Design	p. 155
Sensor Structure	p. 155
Rendering Algorithm	p. 156
Experiments	p. 164
Results	p. 166
References	p. 169
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Biological Tissues Including Stiffness and Hardness	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Determining the Stiffness of Cartilage	p. 172
Tactile Sensor System	p. 172
Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of a Novel Flexible Membrane Tactile Sensor	p. 173
Sensed Objects	p. 173
Two-Dimensional Surface Texture Image Detection	p. 174
Contact-Force Estimation	p. 174
Stiffness Detection	p. 174
Device Specification	p. 175
Theoretical Analysis	p. 175
Experimental Method	p. 176
Results	p. 178
A Micromachined Active Tactile Sensor for Hardness Detection	p. 180
Principle of the Tactile Sensor	p. 180
Design and Fabrication of a New Tactile Probe for Measuring the Modulus of Elasticity of Soft Tissues	p. 182
Introduction	p. 183
Description of the System	p. 183
Tactile Distinction of an Artery and a Tumor in a Soft Tissue by Finite Element Method	p. 184
Materials and Methods	p. 186
Results	p. 187
Artificial Skin	p. 193
References	p. 195
Application of Tactile Sensing in Robotic Surgery	p. 197
Robot Definitions	p. 197
An Aspect of an Integrated System	p. 197
Application of Robots in Surgery	p. 198
Robotics in Surgery	p. 199
Current Applications of Robotic Surgery	p. 200
Suturing in MIS	p. 201
Laparoscopic Suturing	p. 202
Tension Measurement in Suturing	p. 203
Commercial Robots for Surgery	p. 205
Companies Which Produce Commercial Robots	p. 205
Commercial Robots for Surgery	p. 205
Robots for MIS	p. 208
Force Sensors for Surgical Robots	p. 208
Teleoperation	p. 209
Telemonitoring Skin Conditions	p. 211
A Tactile Sensor for Detection of Skin Surface Morphology	p. 212
References	p. 218
Haptics Application in Surgical Simulation	p. 221
Virtual Reality (VR) and Virtual Environments (VEs)	p. 221
Applications of Virtual Reality	p. 222
Advantage and Limitation	p. 222
Haptics-Based Surgical Simulation	p. 223
Medical Training Simulation	p. 224
Deformable Models for Tissue Simulation	p. 225
Haptic Simulation	p. 226
Fluid Simulation	p. 227
Surgical Simulators Based on Haptics	p. 227
Needle-Based Procedure	p. 228
References	p. 229
Abbreviations	p. 231
Index	p. 233
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