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Perry M. Rogers received his B.A. from San Jose State University, his M.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles, and his Ph.D. from the University of Washington where he specialized in ancient history with fields in medieval history, and Early Modern Europe. He has been a professor of Roman history at the Ohio State University and has held an adjunct position in the Liberal Arts at the Pontifical College Josephinum for several years. He remains Chair of the History Department at Columbus School for Girls, an independent, college preparatory school in Columbus, Ohio. Rogers’s two-volume publications for Pearson/Prentice Hall include Aspects of Western Civilization (7th edition), Aspects of World History, and The Human Spirit: Sources in the Western Humanities.
PREFACE
PART I: FOUNDATIONS OF THE MODERN WORLD
Chapter 1: The Age of the Renaissance and Reformation
SECTION I: THE RENAISSANCE MOVEMENT
The Humanist Movement
Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486), Pico della Mirandola
The Soul of Man (1474), Marcilio Ficino
The Political Life of Florence
The Rule of Cosimo de’Medici, Vespasiano
The Prince: “Everyone Sees What You Appear to Be, Few Perceive What You Are”
Niccolò Machiavelli
SECTION II: THE REFORMATION ERA
The Lutheran Reformation
“How Many Sins Are Committed in a Single Day?” (1517), Johann Tetzel
Salvation Through Faith Alone, Martin Luther
The Ninety-five Theses (1517), Martin Luther
“Here I Stand”: Address at the Diet of Worms (1521), Martin Luther
The Edict of Worms (1521), Emperor Charles V
In the Wake of Luther
John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation
On the Necessity of Reforming the Church (1544), John Calvin
Predestination: Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536), John Calvin
The Catholic Reformation
Spiritual Exercises (1548), Ignatius Loyola
The Council of Trent: Profession of Faith
The Tridentine Index of Books (1564)
Chapter 2: “I Am the State”: The Development of Absolutism in England and France
The English Revolution (1649-1689)
The Struggle for Constitutional Government (1650-1660)
“The Mortal God”: Leviathan (1651), Thomas Hobbes
The Instrument of Government (December 16, 1653)
Cromwell Denies the Crown (May 8, 1657), Oliver Cromwell
The Reflection in the Mirror: Oliver Cromwell: The Lord Protector
“To You Our Country Owes Its Liberties” John Milton
“Guilty of Crimes for which Hell-Fire Is Prepared”, Edward Hyde
The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution (1660-1689)
“A Force Sufficient to Defend Us from the Violence of Those Evil Counsellors”, William of Orange
The Bill of Rights (1689)
The Absolutism of Louis XIV
The Theory of Divine-Right Monarchy
The Ideal Absolute State (1697), Jean Domat
Politics and Scripture (1679), Jacques Benigne Bossuet
The Sun King and the Practice of Absolute Rule
“Vanity Was His Ruin”, The Duke of Saint-Simon
Letters to His Heirs: “Allow Good Sense to Act”, King Louis XIV
“A Frightful Plot”: The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, The Duke of Saint-Simon
The Artistic Vision: The Palace of Versailles
“A Celebration of Greatness”, Jean Colbert
Visible Majesty, King Louis XIV
Chapter 3: “Dare to Know!”: The Scientific Revolution
Science and the Church
The Heliocentric Statement (ca. 1520), Nicolaus Copernicus
On the Movement of the Earth (1543), Nicolaus Copernicus
Science and the Bible: “They Would Have Us Abandon Reason” (1615), Galileo Galilei
The Reflection in the Mirror: Galileo Absolved: The Resolution
“Science and Faith Are Both Gifts from God” (1993) Pope John Paul II
The Foundations of Modern Science
The Advancement of Learning (1605), Sir Francis Bacon
“I Think, Therefore I Am”: Discourse on Method (1637), René Eescartes
Against the Grain: On the Circulation of the Blood (1628)
“A Motion, As It Were, In a Circle” William Harvey
Principles of Analysis–Induction and God: Optics (1704) Sir Isaac Newton
Chapter 4: The Enlightenment and the Revolution of the Mind
Thoughts on the Human Condition and Human Progress
The Blank Slate of the Mind: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) John Locke
Against the Grain: On Crimes and Punishments (1764)
“The Greatest Happiness of the Greatest Number”, Cesare Beccaria
Thoughts on Religion
God–“A Cause Contradicted by Its Effects”: Common Sense (1770), Baron d’Holbach
On Universal Toleration, Voltaire
“If God Did Not Exist, He Would Have to Be Invented”, Voltaire
Thoughts on Education
Introduction to the Encyclopedia (1751), Jean Le Rond d’Alembert
“We Did Not Live Entirely in Vain” (1764), Denis Diderot
Thoughts on Government: The Political Framework
Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690), John Locke
The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Baron de montesquieu
The Social Contract (1762), Jean Jacques Rousseau
The Declaration of Independence (1776), Thomas Jefferson
Thoughts on Women: The Social Framework
Woman: “Especially Constituted to Please Man”, Jean Jacques Rousseau
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792), Mary Wollstonecraft
Thoughts on Commerce: The Economic Framework
The Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam Smith
PART II : THE ERA OF REVOLUTION
Chapter 5: “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!”: The French Revolution
Conditions of Society on the Eve of Revolution
The Corruption of the French Court, Marquis d’Argenson
“Ancient Oaks Mutilated by Time” , Marquis de Bouille
The Grievances of Carcassonne
Beggars, Rags, and Misery, Arthur Young
The Outbreak of Revolution (1789—1791)
“What Is the Third Estate?” (January 1789), the Abbé Aieyès
Women of the Third Estate: “We Ask to Be Enlightened” (January 1789)
The Tennis Court Oath (June 29, 1789)
The Fall of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)
Declaration of the Rights of Man (August 27, 1789)
Against the Grain: The Flip Side of Liberty
Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791), Olympe de Gouges
Reflections on the Revolution (1790), Edmund Burke
The Radicalization of the Revolution (1792—1794)
The Fall of Louis XVI (1792-1793)
The Execution of Louis XVI (January 21, 1793), Henry Edgeworth de Firmont
Proclamation of the Convention to the French People (January 23, 1793)
Reflections on Louis XVI, Mme Roland
The Reflection in the Mirror: A Revolutionary Reality Check
An Update on the Political Rights of Women (1793)
The Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
“You Would Exterminate All Your Enemies by the Guillotine!” (December 20, 1793), Camille Desmoulins
The Artistic Vision: Jean-Claude Marat: “The Martyr of the Revolution”
The Death of Marat (1793), Jacques-Louis David
“Virtue and Terror”: Speech to the Convention (February 5, 1794), Maximilien Robespierre
The Administration of Terror (June 10, 1794)
The Execution of Robespierre (July 28, 1794), Durand de Maillane
Chapter 6: Paths of Glory: Napoleon and the Romantic Movement
The Napoleonic Era (1796-1815)
The Will to Power (1796-1802)
On the Realities of Power (1796), Napoleon Bonaparte
Suppression of the Newspapers (1800)
Articles for the Catholic Church (1802)
The Imperial Mantle (1804-1806)
“The Only Salvation Lies in Hereditary Power” (December 1804), Napoleon Bonaparte
Why the French Submitted to Napoleon’s Rule (1804), Comtesse de Rémusat
The Imperial Catechism (April 1806)
Exile and Death: The Hero in History
Napoleon in Exile: “We Stand as Martyrs to an Immortal Cause!”, Napoleon Bonaparte
The Role of Great Men in History, G. W. F. Hegel
Against the Grain: Beethoven’s Eroica: “To the Memory of a Great Man”
Portrait of Beethoven, Joseph Karl Stieler
Ode to Joy, Friedrich Schiller
The Romantic Movement (1780-1830)
The Erlking, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Terror and the Macabre: Frankenstein (1818), Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley
The Artistic Vision: “The Tyrant of Europe”
Ode to Napoleon Bonaparte, Lord Byron
The Third of May, 1808 , Francisco Goya
Chapter 7: “A World to Win!”: The Industrial Revolution
Rural and Urban Transformations
The Dependent Poor (1795), David Davies
“How Are Men to Provide for Their Families?”: A Workers Petition (1786)
The Urban Landscape
The Factory System
Sybil (1845), Benjamin Disraeli
The Sadler Report: “Not Many as Deformed as I Am” (1832)
Child Labor
A Defense of the Factory System (1835), Andrew Ure
Living Conditions
The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844), Friedrich Engels
The Impact of the Factory System on Women and the Family, Friedrich Engels
Reaction and Reform
Against the Grain: The Horrors of the Slave Trade
“A Scene of Horror Almost Inconceivable” , Olauda Eqiano
“We Can No Longer Plead Ignorance”, William Wilberforce
Law and Liberty: The Liberal Truth
The Iron Law of Wages (1817), David Ricardo
The Chartist Demands (1838)
A Middle-Class Perspective (1859), Samuel Smiles
The Artistic Vision: The Social Perspective by Train
Over London by Rail , Gustave Doré
Third Class Carriage , Honoré Daumier
Visions of a New World: The Socialist Truth
Utopian Socialism (1816), Robert Owen
The Communist Manifesto (1848), Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
The Reflection in the Mirror: A Papal Perspective: Rerum Novarum (1891 )
“A Yoke Little Better Than That of Slavery Itself”, Pope Leo XIII
Chapter 8: Fatherland: The Power of Nationalism
Volksgeist : The “Spirit of the People”(1815-1850)
The Conservative Confession of Faith, Prince Klemens von Metternich
Stirrings: The People and the Fatherland, Johann Gottlieb Fichte
The Duties of Man, Giuseppi Mazzini
The Reflection in the Mirror: The Greek Revolution of 1820
“To Avenge Ourselves Against a Frightful Tyranny”
Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi (1826), Eugène Delacroix
“A Moderate Amount of Happiness for All Men”, Alexis de Tocqueville
1848: “A Great Outburst of Elemental Forces Had Begun”, Carl Schurz
The Political Unification of Italy and Germany (1850-1890)
Proclamation for the Liberation of Sicily (1860), Giuseppe Garibaldi
Address to the Italian Parliament (1871), King Victor Emmanuel II
“We Germans Fear God, and Nothing Else in the World”:
Speech to the Reichstag (1888), Otto von Bismarck
Against the Grain: The Zionist Movement
The Basil Program (1897)
Chapter 9: “Mark Them with Your Dead!”: The Scramble for Global Empire
“Send Forth the Best Ye Breed!”: The Foundations of Imperialism
Racism and the Corruption of Science
The Descent of Man (1871), Charles Darwin
The Standpoint of Science (1900), Karl Pearson
For God and Country
The Mandate System: Britain’s Duty in Egypt (1890) , Joseph Chamberlain
“France Must Be a Great Country!” (1883), Jules Ferry
Germany’s Place in the Sun (1900), Kaiser Wilhelm II
The White Man’s Burden (1899), Rudyard Kipling
“To Seek Another’s Profit and Work Another’s Gain”
“Your New-Caught Sullen Peoples”
Education in India: “The Intrinsic Superiority of Western Literature” (1835), Thomas Babington Macaulay
Foreign Children, Robert Louis Stevenson
“A Natural Inclination to Submit to a Higher Authority” (1893)
Sir Frederick Dealtry Lugard
The Reflection in the Mirror “The Judgment of Your Peers”
The “White Man’s Face”: Terror in the Congo, Frederick Starr
The Battle Hymn of the Republic (Brought Down to Date), Mark Twain
Chapter 10: Fin de Siècle: The Birth of the Modern Era
The Woman Question and Anti-Feminism
Seneca Falls Declaration (1848)
“Sisters of America! Your Sisters of France Are United with You” (1851)
Pauline Roland and Jeanne Deroine
Against Woman Suffrage (1884), Francis Parkman
“The Brain Weight of Women is Five Ounces Less Than That of Men” (1887), George Romanes
Against the Grain: The Independent Woman
A Doll’s House (1879), Henrik Ibsen
“This Is the Logic of Demons!”, Josephine Butler
“I Incite This Meeting to Rebellion” (1912), Emmeline Pankhurst
The Revolt Against Reason
Faith, Love, and Hope: “Enough! Enough!” (1887), Friedrich Nietzsche
“God Is Dead!”, Friedrich Nietzsche
The Artistic Vision: The Insular World of Edvard Munch
Scream (1893), Edvard Munch
PART III: THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND
Chapter 11: The Great War (1914-1918)
The Road to War
The Celebration of War
“Without War, No State Could Exist”, Heinrich von Treitschke
“Blind Obedience to Primitive Instincts” (1910), Norman Angell
The Lamps Go Out Over Europe
Statutes of “The Black Hand”
Assassination at Sarajevo: The Plot and Murder (June 28, 1914)
“The Sword is Drawn!” (August 18, 1914), Kaiser Wilhelm II
“They Shall Not Pass”: The Great War (1914-1918)
The Horror of Battle
The Battle of Verdun (February—December 1916)
The Battle of the Somme (July—November 1916)
No Man’s Land, J. Knight-Adkin
“What Are You Fighting For, Michel?”
Against the Grain: Glory in the Skies: The Red Baron
“An Englishman for Breakfast” Baron Manfred von Richthofen
“On the Other Side of the Boundary” Ernst Udet
It Is Sweet and Proper to Die for One’s Country
Five Souls W. N. Ewer
A German War Letter: “One Blood-Soaked, Corpse-Strewn Field” Richard Schiemder
The Artistic Vision: The Nightmare of Otto Dix
Dance of Death in the Year *17: Dead Man Hill
Aftermath: The Light That Failed
“This Is the Way the World Ends”
A German Soldier Returns Home: “A Complete Stranger” Anna Eisenmenger
“If You Want to Endure Life—Prepare for Death” Sigmund Freud
Chapter 12: The Russian Revolution and the Development of the Soviet State (1917—1939)
The Provisional Government (March—November 1917)
“A New, Free Russia Is Born!”: First Declaration of the Provisional Government (March 19, 1917)
The April Theses (April 20, 1917) V. I. Lenin
The Bolshevik Revolution (November—December 1917)
The Overthrow of the Provisional Government: “A New Page in the History of Russia” V. I. Lenin
“Little Good Is To Be Expected” (November 8, 1917) Izvestia
Censorship of the Press (November 9, 1917) V. I. Lenin
Establishment of the Secret Police (December 20, 1917) V. I. Lenin
The Aftermath of Revolution (1917-1928)
State and Revolution: The Transition from Capitalism to Communism (August 1917) V. I. Lenin
“Days of Grueling Work” Alexandra Kollontai
The Communist Emancipation of Women (1920) V. I. Lenin
“Stalin Is Too Rude” (January 4, 1923) V. I. Lenin
Stalin’s Falsification of History (1927) Leon Trotsky
The Development of the Totalitarian State (1928-1938)
The Artistic Vision: The Soviet Creation of Belief
Industrial Worker and Collective Farm Girl (1937) Vera Mukhina
The Soviet Control of Society
Industrialization: “Either Perish or Overtake Capitalistic Countries” (1931) Joseph Stalin
Collectivization and the Liquidation of the Kulaks (1929) Joseph Stalin
“For the Fatherland!” (1936) pravda
The Purge Trials: “Traitors Must Be Shot Like Dirty Dogs!” (1938) Andrei Vyshinsky
The Gulag: “Stalin’s Sadistic Nature Thirsted for Blood!” (1938)
The Reflection in the Mirror The Orwellian World
“Power Is in Tearing Human Minds to Pieces” George Orwell
Chapter 13: Europe between the Wars: Fascism and the Nazi Rise to Power (1919—1939)
The Legacy of World War I
The Rise of Benito Mussolini
“The State’s Authority Was Ready for the Grave” (1922)
The Fascist March on Rome (October 26, 1922)
The Doctrine of Fascism: “This Will Be the Century of the State”
“Germany in Her Deepest Humiliation”
“I Resolved Now to Become a Politician” Adolf Hitler
“Stabbed in the Back” (1919) Paul von Hindenburg
The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
The Weimar Republic
Germany’s Unstable Democracy: The Best and Worst of Times
The Weimar Constitution: Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Germans (1919)
Inflation: “The Boiling Kettle of a Wicked Witch” Lilo Linke
Hitler’s Response to Germany’s Problems
The Nazi Program (1920)
Nazi Political Rally Announcement (February 1921) National Socialist German Workers’ Party
Nazi Appeal and Victory
Nazi Propaganda
Nationalists, Socialists, and Jews (1930) Joseph Goebbels
Free Germany! (1932)
Nazi Victory by the Numbers: Elections to the German Reichstag (1924—1932)
Chancellor to Dictator
Decree for the Protection of the People and State (February 28, 1933)
The Enabling Act (March 24, 1933)
Law Against the New Formation of Parties (July 14, 1933)
Law Concerning the Head of the German State (August 1, 1934)
The Role of the Family in the Nazi State
“Our Fanatical Fellow-Combatants” (September 8, 1934) Adolf Hitler
“The Disenfranchisement of Women” Hanna Schmitt
Hitler Youth: “Tough As Leather, Hard As Krupp Steel” Adolf Hitler
Conversion and Resistance
“Now I Know Which Road to Take” Joseph Goebbels
“I Had Given Him My Heart” Kurt Ludecke
Against the Grain: “Guilty! Guilty! Guilty!”
Leaflets of “The White Rose” (1942) Hans and Sophie Scholl
Chapter 14: “The Abyss Also Looks into You”: War and Holocaust (1939-1945)
The Road to War (1938—1939)
The Czechoslovak Crisis (September 1938—March 1939)
“The Misery of the Sudeten Germans Is Indescribable” (September 12, 1938) Adolf Hitler
“Czechoslovakia Has Ceased to Exist” (March 15, 1939) Adolf Hitler
“I Bitterly Regret What Has Now Occurred” (March 15, 1939) Neville Chamberlain
The Invasion of Poland (September 1939)
“Our Enemies Are Little Worms” (August 22, 1939) Adolf Hitler
“Everything I Have Hoped for Has Crashed into Ruins” (September 3, 1939) Neville Chamberlain
Total War (1939-1943)
The Battlefield and the Homefront
Alone: “Their Finest Hour” (June 18, 1940) Winston Churchill
The Battle of Britain: “So Much Owed by So Many to So Few” (August 20, 1940) Winston Churchill
London Aflame! Mrs. Robert Henrey
“A Date Which Will Live in Infamy” President Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Women in the Factories: “My Hands Are as Smooth as the Steel I Worked On” Elizabeth Hawes
The Jewish Holocaust (1923-1945)
“The Jews Are the Cause of Our Misfortune!”
The Jewish Peril (April 1923) Adolf Hitler
“Not a Single Jew” (1932)
“I Got You at Last, You Little German Girl!” (1938) Ernst Hiemer
The Radicalization of Anti-Semitism (1938-1941)
“Jewish Ghettos Shall Have to Be Created” (November 12, 1938)
“The Annihilation of the Jewish Race in Europe!” (January 30, 1939) Adolf Hitler
“The Jews Are to Blame!” (1941) Joseph Goebbels
The Final Solution (1942-1945)
“A Complete Solution to the Jewish Question” (July 31, 1941) Hermann Goering
The Wansee Conference (January 20, 1942)
The Death Camps: “Work Makes You Free”
Sites of Nazi Concentration Camps
Genocide Rudolf Hoess
The Pit Hermann Gräbe
Gas Kurt Gerstein
Mobile Killing
Nazi Medical Experiments Dr. Franz Blaha
Commandant of Auschwitz Rudolf Hoess
Against the Grain: Jewish Resistance
Nazi Problems in the Warsaw Ghetto (May 1, 1943) Joseph Goebbels
The Destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto (May 1943) Jürgen Stroop
Manifesto of the Jewish Resistance in Vilna (September 1943)
Götterdämmerung : The Final Destruction (1944—1945)
The D-Day Invasions (June 6, 1944)
The Paratrooper: “He Was Blown Away” Ken Russell
The Assault on Omaha Beach: “I’m Hit! I’m Hit!” Harold Baumgarten
The Reflection in the Mirror Fiftieth Anniversary of D-Day
“When They Were Young, These Men Saved the World” President Bill Clinton
The Vision at Sixty-Five President Barack Obama
The Funeral Oration of Pericles Thucydides
The Aftermath of War
The Destruction of Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) Harry S Truman
Nuremberg: The Crimes of the Nazi Regime Justice Robert H. Jackson
The Existential Perspective (1956) Jean-Paul Sartre
Chapter 15: The Era of the Superpowers: Cold War Confrontation (1945-1990)
Retrenchment (1945-1960)
The Reconstruction of Europe
The Marshall Plan (June 1947) George C. Marshall
Program for the Welfare State: The Beveridge Report
The Retreat from Empire
Vietnam: “Determined to Fight to the Bitter End” (1945) Ho Chi Minh
British Rule in India (1946) JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
The Arab Nationalist Movement and Revolution (1958) Abdul Gamal Nasser
The Cold War (1945—1990)
The “Superpower” Rivalry
The Soviet Victory: Capitalism Versus Communism (February 1946) Joseph Stalin
“An Iron Curtain Has Descended Across the Continent” (March 1946) Sir Winston Churchill
The Truman Doctrine (March 1947) Harry S Truman
Marx Was Wrong: The Flaws of Communism (1953) Theodore White
How to Spot a Communist (1955)
Currents of Dissent
The New Class (1957) Milovan Djilas
“The Victory of Communism Is Inevitable!”:
The Secret Speech (1962) Nikita Khrushchev
Prague Spring: The Brezhnev Doctrine (1968)
“A World Turned Upside Down!”: The Gorbachev Era
Against the Grain: Cracks in the Berlin Wall
“Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall!” (June 12, 1987) President Ronald Reagan
Perestroika and the Socialist Renewal of Society (September 11, 1989) Mikhail Gorbachev
Gorbachev’s Resignation: “This Society Has Acquired Freedom” (December 25, 1991) Mikhail Gorbachev
Chapter 16: The Dynamics of Change in the Contemporary World (1990-2010)
Political and Economic Initiatives
A United Germany in a United Europe (June 5, 1990) Helmut Kohl
The Reconciliation of France and Germany (September 24, 1990) François Mitterrand
“Czechoslovakia Is Returning to Europe” (February 21, 1990) Václav Havel
Communism: “Far Away from the Mainstream of Civilization” (December 31, 1999) Vladimir Putin
Monetary Union: Europe’s Global Role (1998) Lawrence H. Summers
Ethnic Strife and Terrorism
Ethnic Strife in Eastern Europe (April 15, 1994) Helmut Tuerk
Crimes Against Humanity: “Ethnic Cleansing” in Serbia (1992)
The Reflection in the Mirror: Balkan Crimes
“We Are Witnesses to a Process of Death in the Balkans” (January 12, 1994) Pope John Paul II
“We Wage a War to Save Civilization Itself” (2001) President George W. Bush
The Islamic World and the West
“Fanaticism Is Not a State of Religion, But a State of Mind” (July 11, 2005) Prime Minister Tony Blair
“This Is Going to Be Freedom’s Century” (March 29, 2006) President George W. Bush
Turkey and the European Union (2009) President Barack Obama
Against the Grain: The Future of the West
“A New Beginning” (June 4, 2009) President Barack Obama
“The Burqa Is Not Welcome in France”: The Press Conference (June 6, 2009)
President Barack Obama and President Nicholas Sarkozy
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