Assessing and Correcting Reading and Writing Difficulties

by Gunning, Thomas G.

• ISBN13: 9780205332557
• ISBN10: 0205332552
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This text provides numerous examples and thorough coverage of procedures for assessing and instructing struggling readers of all ages. In keeping with current theory, the text emphasizes prevention and early intervention. It is based on the premise that student performance is variable and that assessment and instruction are planned and modified to meet the varied needs and levels of students. Gunning does not subscribe to a medical model that emphasizes deficiencies, but rather focuses on what students can do. This text calls for inclusion, not exclusion, but recognizes that struggling learners need expert, carefully planned assessment and instruction. Assessment coverage includes a grounding in basic concepts of tests and measurement. While formal, standardized measures are described, emphasis is placed upon informal but highly regarded techniques such as the informal reading inventory, miscue analysis, running records, observation, think-alouds, holistic scoring of writing, and portfolio assessment. In addition to chapters devoted specifically to assessment, ways to connect assessment and instruction are mentioned throughout the text. Coverage of instructional techniques is thorough and practical. Nine chapters are devoted to instructional techniques.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Introduction to Literacy Difficulties	1	(24)
Using What You Know	1	(1)
Anticipation Guide	1	(1)
Reading Difficulty Defined	2	(4)
Incidence of Reading Problems	6	(1)
Persistence of Severe Problems	7	(1)
The Problem With Using Labels	7	(2)
The Nature of Corrective Instruction	9	(1)
Stages of Reading Development	10	(2)
A Systems Approach	12	(1)
Interlocking Aspects of Reading	13	(1)
Principles of Corrective Instruction	14	(5)
Sources of Help for Low-Achieving Readers	19	(2)
The Role of Standards	21	(1)
The Whys of Reading Problems	22	(1)
Summary	23	(1)
Application Activities	23	(2)
Factors Involved in Reading and Writing Difficulty	25	(38)
Using What You Know	25	(1)
Anticipation Guide	25	(1)
Interacting Factors in Reading and Writing Difficulty	26	(1)
Cognitive Factors	27	(7)
Visual Processing Deficits	34	(4)
Language Factors	38	(6)
Orthographic Processing	44	(1)
Social and Emotional Factors	45	(4)
Physical Causes	49	(8)
Educational Factors	57	(1)
Social and Cultural Factors	58	(1)
Family Factors	59	(1)
Economic Factors	60	(1)
Summary	61	(1)
Application Activities	62	(1)
Overview of Assessment	63	(20)
Using What you Know	63	(1)
Anticipation Guide	63	(1)
Principles of Effective Assessment	63	(2)
Dynamic Assessment	65	(4)
Authentic Assessment	69	(1)
Tests	70	(5)
Evaluating Assessment Devices	75	(4)
Functional-Level Assessment	79	(1)
High-Stakes Tests	80	(1)
Reporting to Parents	81	(1)
Summary	81	(1)
Application Activities	82	(1)
Placing Students: The Informal Reading Inventory and Related Measures	83	(34)
Using What You Know	83	(1)
Anticipation Guide	83	(1)
The Informal Reading Inventory	84	(20)
Miscue Analysis	104	(2)
Running Records	106	(5)
Planning Instruction Based on IRI, Miscue Analysis, or Running Records Results	111	(1)
Comparing IRI, Miscue Analysis, and Running Records	111	(2)
IRI-Based Tests	113	(2)
Minicase Study	115	(1)
Summary	116	(1)
Application Activities	116	(1)
Assessment of Reading and Writing Processes	117	(33)
Using What You Know	117	(1)
Anticipation Guide	117	(1)
Reading Processes: Decoding	118	(2)
Reading Processes: Comprehension	120	(8)
Assessing Study Skills	128	(1)
Assessing Vocabulary Knowledge	128	(2)
Assessing Writing	130	(9)
Spelling	139	(9)
Handwriting	148	(1)
Summary	149	(1)
Application Activities	149	(1)
Assessment of Cognitive, School, and Home Factors	150	(28)
Using What You Know	150	(1)
Anticipation Guide	150	(1)
Assessment of Capacity	151	(2)
Role of Intelligence Tests	153	(4)
Tests of Listening	157	(1)
Tests of Language	158	(1)
Assessment of Memory	158	(1)
Associative Word Learning	159	(1)
Word Finding	160	(1)
Assessing the Instructional Situation	161	(1)
Case History	162	(5)
Students' Views	167	(1)
Reading Expectancy	168	(1)
Summarizing the Data	169	(1)
Making Recommendations	169	(3)
Professional Reports	172	(3)
Assessment: An Ongoing Process	175	(1)
A Multidisciplinary Approach	175	(1)
Minicase Study	176	(1)
Summary	176	(1)
Application Activities	177	(1)
Emergent Literacy and Early Intervention Programs	178	(46)
Using What You Know	178	(1)
Anticipation Guide	178	(1)
Changing Concepts of Emergent Literacy and Intervention	179	(8)
Developing Literacy Concepts	187	(1)
Students' Writing	188	(4)
Phonological Processes and Reading	192	(16)
Letter Knowledge	208	(2)
Early Intervention Programs	210	(10)
Assessment Systems	220	(1)
Minicase Study	221	(1)
Summary	222	(1)
Application Activities	223	(1)
Teaching Phonics, High-Frequency Words, and Fluency	224	(75)
Using What You Know	224	(1)
Anticipation Guide	224	(1)
Phonics and the Poor Reader	225	(3)
Stages in Learning to Read Words	228	(2)
Principles of Teaching Phonics	230	(1)
The Content of Phonics: Consonants	231	(1)
Approaches to Teaching Consonants	232	(1)
Other Consonant Elements	233	(4)
Sequence of Teaching Consonants	237	(1)
Reinforcement Activities for Consonant Correspondences	238	(4)
Using A Multisensory Approach to Learn Letter Names and Letter Sounds	242	(1)
The Content of Phonics: Vowels	243	(3)
Approaches to Teaching Vowels	246	(8)
The Role of Dialect in Teaching Phonics	254	(1)
Sequence for Teaching Vowels	255	(1)
Application Through Reading	255	(1)
Additional Reinforcement for Vowel Patterns	256	(11)
Internet	267	(1)
Word-Analysis Strategies	267	(6)
Using Prompts to Foster the Use of Balanced Decoding Strategies	273	(4)
Scope and Sequence of Analogy Words and Patterns	277	(1)
A Means to an End	277	(1)
High-Frequency Words	278	(2)
Direct Teaching Approach for High-Frequency Words	280	(3)
Indirect Teaching Techniques for High-Frequency Words	283	(5)
Building Fluency with High-Frequency Words	288	(6)
Additional Practice Activities for High-Frequency Words	294	(1)
Affirming Efforts	295	(1)
Minicase Study	296	(1)
Summary	296	(1)
Application Activities	297	(2)
Syllabic, Morphemic, and Contextual Analysis and Dictionary Strategies	299	(31)
Using What You Know	299	(1)
Anticipation Guide	299	(1)
Syllabic Analysis	300	(1)
Approaches to Teaching Syllabic Analysis	301	(10)
Morphemic Analysis	311	(1)
Teaching Morphemic Elements	312	(6)
Software for Morphemic Analysis	318	(1)
Contextual Analysis	318	(6)
Using the Dictionary	324	(3)
Balanced Use of Strategies	327	(1)
Using Think-Alouds	327	(1)
Minicase Study	328	(1)
Summary	328	(1)
Application Activities	329	(1)
Building Vocabulary	330	(23)
Using What You Know	330	(1)
Anticipation Guide	330	(1)
Low-Achieving Readers and Vocabulary	330	(2)
Stages of Word Learning	332	(1)
Word Knowledge and Comprehension	333	(2)
Incidental Versus Systematic Instruction	335	(1)
Principles of Vocabulary Instruction	335	(3)
Techniques for Teaching Words	338	(11)
Techniques for Remembering Words	349	(1)
A Full Program of Vocabulary Development	350	(1)
Minicase Study	351	(1)
Summary	352	(1)
Application Activities	352	(1)
Building Comprehension	353	(44)
Using What You Know	353	(1)
Anticipation Guide	353	(1)
Theories of Comprehension	353	(3)
Causes of Comprehension Difficulty	356	(3)
Comprehension Strategies	359	(18)
Importance of Using Appropriate Materials	377	(1)
Beyond Strategies	378	(1)
Approaches to Teaching Strategies	379	(1)
Collaborative Strategy Instruction	379	(2)
Questions	381	(4)
Lesson Plans That Foster Comprehension	385	(5)
Other Techniques for Building Comprehension	390	(3)
Sentence-Level Comprehension	393	(1)
Using A Variety of Teaching Techniques	394	(1)
Minicase Study	394	(1)
Summary	395	(1)
Application Activities	396	(1)
Reading to Learn and Remember in the Content Areas	397	(61)
Using What You Know	397	(1)
Anticipation Guide	397	(1)
The Quiet Crisis	398	(1)
Remembering and Learning	399	(1)
Framework for Teaching Content-Area Reading	399	(2)
Text Structure	401	(11)
Instructional Techniques for Fostering Learning From Text	412	(14)
Outstanding Collaborative Approaches	426	(7)
Content Knowledge	433	(1)
Textbooks in the Content Areas	434	(3)
Teaching Literature	437	(4)
Reading to Learn and Remember	441	(1)
Aids to Studying	442	(2)
Organizational Study Strategies	444	(7)
Study Habits	451	(2)
Preparing for Tests	453	(2)
A Balanced Program	455	(1)
Minicase Study	455	(1)
Summary	456	(1)
Application Activities	457	(1)
Building Writing Strategies	458	(38)
Using What you Know	458	(1)
Anticipation Guide	458	(1)
Extent of Writing Problems	458	(10)
Guided Writing	468	(1)
Strategic Writing Instruction	469	(2)
Writing Workshop	471	(1)
The Role of Rubrics	472	(1)
Writing Programs for Low Achieving Readers and Writers	473	(10)
Motivating Reluctant Writers	483	(1)
The Need for a Balanced Program	484	(1)
Spelling	485	(8)
Handwriting	493	(1)
Minicase Study	494	(1)
Summary	494	(1)
Application Activities	495	(1)
Severe Problem Cases, Students Acquiring English, and Older Students	496	(26)
Using What you Know	496	(1)
Anticipation Guide	497	(1)
The Need for Specialized Techniques	497	(1)
Vakt Tracing Technique	497	(9)
Orton--Gillingham Approach	506	(2)
Other Orton-Based Approaches	508	(1)
Adapted Word Building	508	(2)
A Total Program	510	(1)
Working with Older Problem Readers: Teens and Adults	510	(3)
Working with Bilingual Learners	513	(7)
Minicase Study	520	(1)
Summary	520	(1)
Application Activities	521	(1)
Organization of Early Interyention and Corrective Programs	522	(28)
Using What you Know	522	(1)
Anticipation Guide	522	(1)
The Changing Face of Remediation	523	(2)
Components of a Corrective Program	525	(10)
Working with the Administration	535	(1)
Professional Development	535	(1)
Volunteer Tutors	536	(1)
Materials	536	(6)
Sources of Information About the Readability of Books	542	(1)
Sources of High-Interest/Low-Readability Materials	542	(1)
Voluntary Reading	543	(1)
Technology for the Reading/Writing Program	544	(1)
Teacher Tools	545	(1)
Evaluation	546	(2)
Summary	548	(1)
Application Activities	549	(1)
Appendix A Informal Assessment Measures	550	(9)
Appendix B High-Interest, Low-Readability Books	559	(15)
Appendix C Sample Assessment Report	574	(9)
Appendix D The Primary Readability Formula	583	(7)
References	590	(24)
Index	614