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Preface | p. xi |
Assessment for Developing Programs and Interventions: The Big Picture | p. 1 |
Why Conduct a Needs Assessment? | p. 2 |
To Develop a Sense of Connection and Ownership of the Program among the Target Population | p. 2 |
To Provide Information Needed to Seek Resources or Funding | p. 3 |
To Identify Barriers and Limitations of a Program You Want to Implement | p. 3 |
To Collect Baseline Data for Evaluation | p. 4 |
To Identify Programming Goals and Objectives | p. 4 |
To Achieve the Goals of Our Profession | p. 4 |
Assessment Protocol for Excellence in Public Health | p. 9 |
Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnership | p. 10 |
Protocol for Assessing Community Excellence in Environmental Health | p. 10 |
Precede-Proceed | p. 11 |
Organizing Your Needs Assessment | p. 14 |
Coalitions and Partnerships | p. 14 |
Coalition Example | p. 17 |
Budgets | p. 19 |
Timelines | p. 20 |
Summary | p. 23 |
Paint a Picture of Your Target Population: Assessing Assets and Problems | p. 27 |
Getting Started | p. 28 |
Quality of Life and Health Status Assessment | p. 29 |
Epidemiological Assessment | p. 34 |
Selecting Health Priorities | p. 37 |
Determining the Sources of Priority Health Problems | p. 40 |
Selecting Behavioral and Environmental Priorities | p. 46 |
Identifying the Contributors to Priority Behavioral and Environmental Factors | p. 50 |
Administrative and Policy Assessment | p. 52 |
Resource Assessment | p. 53 |
Implementation Assessment | p. 54 |
Policy Assessment | p. 54 |
The Big Picture | p. 55 |
When Needs Assessment Resources Are Tight | p. 56 |
Some General Reminders | p. 57 |
Summary | p. 58 |
Data Collection Strategies for Needs Assessments and Evaluations | p. 63 |
Deciding on Data Collection Strategies | p. 66 |
Resources | p. 66 |
People Characteristics | p. 67 |
Strategies for Secondary Data Collection | p. 68 |
Vital Statistics | p. 69 |
Notifiable Diseases | p. 73 |
Strategies for Primary Data Collection | p. 75 |
Observations | p. 75 |
Windshield Tours | p. 81 |
Photo Voice or Photo Novella | p. 82 |
Interviews | p. 83 |
Individual Interviews | p. 85 |
Group Interviews | p. 89 |
Special Considerations for Interview Techniques | p. 91 |
Written Surveys and Questionnaires | p. 91 |
Special Considerations When Using Surveys and Questionnaires | p. 91 |
Techniques for Coming to a Group Consensus | p. 95 |
Document Review | p. 96 |
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) | p. 96 |
Data Collection: The Big Picture | p. 97 |
Whom to Include in Your Primary Data Collection: Sampling | p. 98 |
Probability Sampling | p. 99 |
Nonprobability Sampling | p. 100 |
Human Subjects Protection and Institutional Review Boards | p. 101 |
Summary | p. 102 |
Program Planning: The Big Picture | p. 107 |
Program Planning Steps | p. 108 |
Review the Needs Assessment | p. 108 |
Convene an Advisory Panel or Planning Committee | p. 109 |
Assess and Establish a Budget for Program Planning | p. 110 |
Write and Review a Mission Statement | p. 111 |
Write and Review Program Goals and Program Objectives | p. 111 |
Select a Theory or Theories on Which to Base Your Program | p. 111 |
Review Other Programs to Generate Program Strategy Alternatives | p. 112 |
Assess and Establish the Budget for Program Implementation | p. 113 |
Estimate Time | p. 116 |
Select Strategies and Activities | p. 116 |
Plan Evaluation | p. 117 |
Determine and Establish Cooperative Agreements and Linkages with Other Appropriate Community Agencies | p. 118 |
Write Component-Specific Behavior and Learning Objectives | p. 118 |
Pilot-Test the Intervention | p. 119 |
Implement the Program | p. 119 |
Logic Models | p. 121 |
Summary | p. 124 |
Social Marketing, Program Planning, and Implementation | p. 127 |
Consumer Orientation | p. 128 |
Audience (Market) Segmentation | p. 128 |
Exchange | p. 129 |
Marketing Mix | p. 129 |
Product | p. 129 |
Price | p. 131 |
Place | p. 131 |
Promotion | p. 132 |
Positioning Strategy | p. 133 |
Continuous Monitoring | p. 134 |
VERBÖ: Another Example | p. 135 |
Summary | p. 139 |
The Importance and Use of Theories in Health Education and Health Promotion | p. 143 |
What Are Theories? | p. 143 |
Why Use Theories and Models? | p. 144 |
How to Choose a Theory | p. 144 |
Intrapersonal Theories | p. 147 |
Stages of Change | p. 147 |
Health Belief Model | p. 148 |
Interpersonal Theories | p. 149 |
Social Cognitive Theory | p. 149 |
Stage Theory of Organization Change | p. 151 |
Community Organization Theories | p. 152 |
Other Theories | p. 152 |
Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) | p. 152 |
Summary | p. 153 |
Further Reading | p. 153 |
Identifying and Writing Mission Statements, Goals, and Objectives | p. 157 |
What Is a Mission Statement? | p. 158 |
Program Philosophy as the Foundation of the Mission Statement | p. 159 |
Developing a Mission Statement | p. 160 |
Program Goals | p. 162 |
Healthy People Goals | p. 163 |
Professional Philosophies and Goals of Health Education | p. 166 |
Objectives | p. 167 |
Types of Objectives | p. 167 |
Levels of Objectives | p. 168 |
Developing an Objective | p. 169 |
Summary | p. 174 |
Identifying Strategies and Activities | p. 177 |
Interventions, Methods, and Strategies | p. 179 |
General Intervention Considerations | p. 180 |
Tailoring the Intervention | p. 180 |
Cultural Appropriateness | p. 181 |
Multiple Intelligences | p. 181 |
Methods for Creating Change | p. 182 |
Methods to Increase Knowledge | p. 182 |
Methods to Change Attitudes | p. 183 |
Methods to Change Social Influence | p. 183 |
Some Common Methods for Building Skills and Self-Efficacy | p. 183 |
Sources of Strategies and Activities | p. 184 |
Benefits of Using Existing Materials or Curricula | p. 186 |
Tailoring Lesson Instruction | p. 186 |
Strategies for Health Education and Health Promotion | p. 187 |
Summary | p. 189 |
Program Implementation | p. 193 |
Summary | p. 203 |
Program Evaluation: Background and Basics | p. 205 |
Types of Evaluation | p. 207 |
Formative Evaluation | p. 207 |
Summative Evaluation | p. 207 |
Process Evaluation | p. 207 |
Impact Evaluation | p. 209 |
Outcome Evaluation | p. 209 |
Conducting an Evaluation | p. 209 |
Engage Stakeholders | p. 211 |
Describe the Program | p. 211 |
Conceptualize the Evaluation | p. 212 |
Design the Evaluation | p. 216 |
Choose and Test the Instruments and Procedures | p. 217 |
Collect Evaluation Data | p. 218 |
Analyze and Report Data | p. 219 |
Make Changes to Your Program Based on the Data | p. 220 |
Evaluate Again | p. 220 |
Evaluation Principles | p. 220 |
Summary | p. 221 |
Social and Health Assessment Example: Cortland Counts | p. 225 |
Focus Group Materials Examples | p. 229 |
Examples of Informed Consent Materials | p. 235 |
Evaluation Structure and Design | p. 239 |
Glossary | p. 249 |
Index | p. 257 |
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