Asthma Prevention

by Busse; William W.

• ISBN13: 9780824754099
• ISBN10: 0824754093
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-08-24
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Collecting research from leading specialists in the field, this reference contains the latest studies on the genetic and environmental origins, pathogenesis, and immunology of asthma-promoting new research pathways for the development of new therapeutic interventions in the prevention of this common disease.

Table of Contents

I. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ASTHMA	1	(70)
1. Epidemiology of Asthma	3	(18)
Malcolm R. Sears
I. Introduction	3	(1)
II. Definition and Diagnosis of Asthma	3	(2)
III. Airway Hyperresponsiveness as an Epidemiological Tool	5	(1)
IV. Atopy as an Epidemiological Tool	6	(1)
V. Recent Trends in Asthma Epidemiology	6	(2)
VI. Epidemiological Trends in Asthma Mortality	8	(1)
VII. Incidence and Prevalence in Children	8	(5)
VIII. Epidemiology of Adult Asthma	13	(1)
IX. Epidemiological Perspective on Prevention of Asthma	14	(1)
References	14	(7)
2. The Natural History of Wheezing in Children	21	(12)
Fernando D. Martinez
I. Introduction	21	(1)
II. Incidence	22	(1)
III. Severity and Long-Term Prognosis of Early Wheezing Episodes	22	(2)
IV. Late Onset Wheezers	24	(1)
V. Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and Lung Function in Early Wheezing Phenotypes	25	(2)
VI. Predicting Early Asthma	27	(1)
VII. Early Development of T Helper-2 (Th2) Responses	28	(2)
VIII. Conclusions	30	(1)
References	30	(3)
3. Emerging Patterns of Asthma Worldwide	33	(14)
Erika von Mutius
I. Introduction	33	(1)
II. Worldwide Distribution of Wheeze and Asthma	34	(2)
III. Contrasting Results from Developing and Developed Countries	36	(2)
IV. East–West Gradient across Europe	38	(3)
V. Differences in Rural and Urban Populations	41	(2)
References	43	(4)
4. Later Life Onset of Asthma	47	(24)
Chakradhar Kotaru and Richard J. Martin
I. Introduction	47	(1)
II. Definition	48	(1)
III. Epidemiology	48	(4)
IV. Genotypic Associations with Adult Onset Asthma	52	(2)
V. Phenotypic Features of Later Onset Asthma	54	(4)
VI. Epidemiologic Associations	58	(4)
VII. Treatment and Prognosis	62	(1)
VIII. Conclusions	62	(1)
References	63	(8)
II. IMMUNOLOGY IN THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ASTHMA	71	(62)
5. Ontogeny of the Immune Response	73	(26)
PG. Holt and J. Rowe
I. Introduction	73	(1)
II. Ontogeny of Fetal Immune System	73	(2)
III. Early Postnatal Development of Immune System	75	(5)
IV. Early-Life Immunity to Infectious Agents and Vaccines	80	(2)
V. Vaccination and Atopic Phenotype	82	(1)
VI. Postnatal Development of Immune Function and Susceptibility to Allergic Disease	83	(2)
References	85	(14)
6. Inflammatory Features of Childhood Asthma	99	(34)
Marzena Krawiec and Theresa Guilbert
I. Introduction	99	(1)
II. Pathophysiology of Airway Inflammation in Children	100	(7)
III. Evaluation of Inflammation in Children	107	(15)
IV. Conclusion	122	(1)
References	122	(11)
III. RISK FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASTHMA	133	(242)
7. Physiology	135	(26)
Alexander Mö11er and Peter N. Le Souëf
I. Introduction	135	(1)
II. Plethysmographic Measurements of Lung Volume and Airway Resistance	136	(2)
III. Tidal Breath Analysis for Infant Pulmonary Function Testing	138	(1)
IV. Tidal Forced Expirations	139	(1)
V. Raised Volume Rapid Thoraco-Abdominal Compression (RVRTC)	140	(1)
VI. Measurement of Functional Residual Capacity by Gas Dilution	141	(1)
VII. Measurement of Airway Mechanics Using Forced Oscillation	142	(2)
VIII. Assessment of Airway Responsiveness	144	(1)
IX. Factors Affecting Physiology in Infants and Children	144	(5)
X. Early Physiological Factors as Predictors of Future Physiological Function and Asthma	149	(2)
XI. Summary	151	(1)
References	152	(9)
8. Genetic Factors	161	(60)
Sabine Hoffjan and Carole Ober
I. Introduction	161	(2)
II. Laboratory Techniques and Study Designs	163	(4)
III. Genome-Wide Screens	167	(6)
IV. Candidate Gene Studies	173	(22)
V. Conclusion	195	(1)
References	195	(26)
9. Birth Order	221	(18)
Tricia McKeever, Richard Hubbard, Sarah Lewis, and John Britton
I. Introduction	221	(1)
II. Hay Fever, Eczema, and Allergic Sensitization in Relation to Birth Order	222	(1)
III. Asthma and Birth Order	223	(3)
IV. Infections	226	(2)
V. Immune System	228	(1)
VI. Day Care	228	(1)
VII. Multiple Births	228	(4)
VIII. Is the Birth Order Effect Already Present at Birth?	232	(1)
IX. Birth Order and Other Diseases	232	(1)
X. Summary	233	(1)
References	233	(6)
10. Infections: Causative	239	(24)
G. Daniel Brooks and Robert F. Lemanske, Jr.
I. Introduction	239	(1)
II. Asthma Inception	239	(6)
III. Strategies for Preventing RSV	245	(3)
IV. Asthma Exacerbations	248	(4)
IV. Preventive Strategies	252	(2)
V. Conclusions	254	(1)
References	254	(9)
11. Allergens	263	(20)
Elizabeth A. Erwin, Judith A. Woodfolk, Peter W. Heymann, and Thomas A.E. Platts-Mills
I. Introduction	263	(1)
II. Dust Mites	264	(3)
III. Animal Dander Allergens	267	(3)
IV. Allergens Derived from Fungi	270	(2)
V. Cockroach Exposure	272	(2)
VI. Relationship of Specific IgE Antibody Responses and Total IgE in Asthma Patients	274	(1)
VII. Conclusions	275	(2)
References	277	(6)
12. Asthma and Nonrespiratory Infections	283	(20)
Paolo Maria Matricardi
I. Odd Influence on Asthma of Certain Nonrespiratory Infections (NRIs)	283	(1)
II. Testing Hygiene Hypothesis in Europe	284	(1)
III. Testing Hygiene Hypothesis in United States	285	(2)
IV. Does the Hygiene Hypothesis Explain Inner City Asthma?	287	(3)
V. Protection Provided by Nonrespiratory Infections	290	(1)
VI. Ability of HAV to Protect against Asthma	291	(1)
VII. Bacteria: Do Exogenous Endotoxins Protect from Asthma?	292	(1)
VIII. Bacteria: Gut Microflora and Allergy	293	(2)
IX. Parasites and Asthma	295	(1)
X. The Role of NRIs in Preventing and Treating Asthma	296	(1)
XI. Conclusions	297	(1)
References	297	(6)
13. Antibiotics as Risk Factors in the Development of Asthma	303	(10)
Bengt Björkstén
I. Introduction	303	(1)
II. Epidemiological Studies	304	(4)
III. Aspects of Microbial Ecology	308	(2)
IV. Concluding Remarks	310	(1)
References	310	(3)
14. The Atopic March	313	(20)
U. Wahn, R. Nickel, S. Lau, C. Grüber, and S. Illi
I. Introduction and Definition	313	(1)
II. Assessment of Determinants	314	(1)
III. Natural History of Atopic Manifestations	315	(4)
IV. Hereditary Factors	319	(1)
V. Nongenetic Factors	320	(5)
VI. Issues Related to Prevention	325	(2)
VII. Conclusion	327	(1)
References	327	(6)
15. Stress and Asthma	333	(26)
Rosalind J. Wright
I. Introduction	333	(1)
II. Life Stress Model	334	(1)
III. Asthma Paradigm: Link to Stress	335	(1)
IV. Psychological Stress and Endocrine System	335	(2)
V. Stress and Autonomic Control of Airways	337	(2)
VI. Stress and Immune Function	339	(1)
VII. Stress and Infection	340	(1)
VIII. Stress and Glucocorticoid Resistance	341	(1)
IX. Psychological Stress and Oxidative Stress	342	(3)
X. Genetics	345	(1)
XI. Epidemiological Evidence	345	(1)
XII. Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Asthma Disparities	346	(3)
XIII. Summary	349	(1)
Acknowledgment	349	(1)
References	349	(10)
16. Infant Feeding Practices and Prevention of Asthma	359	(16)
Anne L. Wright
I. Introduction	359	(1)
II Background	360	(4)
III. Possible Explanations for Conflicting Observations	364	(3)
IV. Implications for Prevention	367	(1)
V. Conclusions	368	(1)
References	369	(6)
IV. TREATMENT	375	(262)
17. Asthma in the Inner City	377	(42)
Kristin M. Burkart, Megan T. Sandel, and George T. O'Connor
I. Excess Burden of Asthma in the Inner City	377	(3)
II. Causes of Excess Burdens of Asthma in Inner Cities	380	(16)
III. Asthma Prevention Strategies for Inner Cities	396	(5)
IV. Summary	401	(1)
References	401	(18)
18. Therapeutic Approaches to Childhood Asthma	419	(22)
Stanley J. Szefler
I. Introduction	419	(1)
II. Managing Asthma in Children	420	(5)
III. Managing Asthma in Young Children	425	(3)
IV. When to Initiate Long-Term Controller Therapy in Children	428	(1)
V. Evolution of Asthma Therapy and Potential for Future Developments	429	(6)
VI. Conclusions	435	(1)
Acknowledgment	436	(1)
References	436	(5)
19. Allergen Avoidance	441	(24)
Jacqueline Pongracic
I. Introduction	441	(1)
II. Principles of Allergen Avoidance	441	(11)
III. Environmental Control and Primary Prevention	452	(1)
IV. Summary	452	(1)
References	453	(12)
20. Immunotherapy and Asthma	465	(18)
Moisés A. Calderón-Zapata and Stephen R. Durham
I. Introduction	465	(1)
II. Mechanisms of Immunotherapy	466	(4)
III. Efficacy and Safety of Specific Immunotherapy	470	(4)
IV. Long-Term Benefits Following Discontinuation of Immunotherapy	474	(1)
V. Immunotherapy and Progression of Rhinitis to Asthma	475	(1)
VI. Immunotherapy and Onset of New Allergic Sensitivities	476	(1)
VII. Allergen Immunotherapy: Future Strategies	476	(1)
VIII. Conclusions	477	(1)
References	478	(5)
21. Anti-Cytokine Therapy	483	(22)
Larry Borish
I. Introduction	483	(1)
II. Mechanisms of Cytokine Inhibition	484	(2)
III. Inhibitors of Cytokines Associated with Innate Immunity	486	(3)
IV. Immune Deviation: Stimulation of Th1-Like Responses	489	(3)
V. Inhibition of Th2 Cytokines	492	(5)
VI. Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines	497	(2)
VII. Summary	499	(1)
References	499	(6)
22. IgE and Anti-IgE Therapy in Allergic Asthma and Rhinitis	505	(42)
E.M. Salagean, P.H. Howarth, and S.T. Holgate
I. Introduction	505	(2)
II. Serum IgE and Epidemiology	507	(2)
III. IgE structure, Synthesis and Cell Interactions	509	(4)
IV. Anti-IgE and Its Development as Therapy	513	(5)
V. Therapeutic Potential of Omalizumab	518	(17)
VI. Other Approaches to Neutralizing IgE	535	(1)
VII. Conclusions	536	(1)
References	537	(10)
23. DNA Vaccination for Asthma	547	(24)
David H. Broide
I. Introduction	547	(1)
II. Immunostimulatory DNA	548	(14)
III. Conjugation of CpG DNA and Protein Antigen	562	(2)
IV. Allergen Gene Vaccines and Asthma	564	(1)
V. Conclusion	564	(1)
Acknowledgment	565	(1)
References	565	(6)
24. DNA Vaccination for Asthma and Atopic Disorders	571	(20)
Kunihiko Kitagaki and Joel N. Kline
I. Introduction	571	(1)
II. Epidemiology of Asthma: Are Microbial Infections Naturally Protective?	571	(1)
III. Pathogenesis of Asthma: Imbalance of Th1 and Th2?	572	(1)
IV. Immunostimulatory DNA; What is CpG?	573	(1)
V. Signal Transduction of CpG DNA: TLR-9	574	(1)
VI. CpG DNA Induces Th1-Type Immune Responses	574	(1)
VII. CpG-ODN in Prevention of Asthma	575	(4)
VIII. CpG-ODNs in Immunotherapy of Established Asthma	579	(3)
IX. Future Directions	582	(1)
Acknowledgment	583	(1)
References	583	(8)
25. Future Therapies	591	(24)
Jeffrey Stokes, Christopher Clark, and Thomas B. Casale
I. Introduction	591	(1)
II. Immune-Modifying Therapies	592	(10)
III. Environmentally Based Therapies	602	(5)
IV. Conclusion	607	(1)
References	607	(8)
26. Regulation of IgE Synthesis	615	(22)
Lisa Cameron and Donata Vercelli
I. Introduction	615	(1)
II. Induction of IgE Synthesis: Intercellular Interactions	615	(5)
III. Induction of IgE Synthesis: Molecular Events	620	(6)
IV. Modulating IgE Synthesis: Bench to Bedside	626	(1)
V. Conclusions	627	(1)
References	628	(9)
Index	637