Atlas of Regional Anatomy of the Brain Using MRI : With Functional Correlations

by Tamraz, J. C.

• ISBN13: 9783540278764
• ISBN10: 3540278761
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: SPRINGER

Summary

The volume provides a unique review of the essential topographical anatomy of the brain from an MRI perspective, correlating high-quality anatomical plates with the corresponding high-resolution MRI images. The book includes a historical review of brain mapping and an analysis of the essential reference planes used for the study of the human brain. Subsequent chapters provide a detailed review of the sulcal and the gyral anatomy of the human cortex, guiding the reader through an interpretation of the individual brain atlas provided by high-resolution MRI. The relationship between brain structure and function is approached in a topographical fashion with analysis of the necessary imaging methodology and displayed anatomy. The central, perisylvian, mesial temporal and occipital areas receive special attention. Imaging of the core brain structures is included. An extensive coronal atlas concludes the book.

Table of Contents

Historical Review of Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Brain	1	(11)
Cephalic Reference Lines Suitable for Neuroimaging	11	(40)
Cranial Reference Lines and Planes	11	(2)
Historical Background and Overview	11	(1)
The Need for a Consensus	12	(1)
Classification of the Cephalic Reference Planes	13	(1)
The Choice of a Nomenclature	13	(1)
Brain Horizontal Reference Lines and Planes	13	(26)
The Bicommissural Reference Plane	14	(1)
Biometric Data	15	(2)
Anatomic and Imaging Correlations	17	(5)
The Delmas and Pertuiset Reference Plane	22	(1)
Anatomic and Imaging Correlations	22	(1)
Topometric Findings	22	(2)
The Neuro-ocular Plane	24	(1)
Anatomic and Imaging Correlations	24	(3)
Topometric and Biometric Findings	27	(1)
The Callosal Plane	28	(1)
The Chiasmatico-Commissural Plane	29	(1)
Biometric Findings	29	(2)
Anatomic and Imaging Correlations	31	(4)
Anatomic and Physiologic Reference Planes	35	(3)
The ``Plan Vestibulaire Horizontal''	38	(1)
The ``Plan des Axes Orbitaires''	38	(1)
Brain Vertical Reference Lines and Planes	39	(12)
The Anterior Commissure-Mamillary Planes	39	(1)
The Commissuro-Mamillary Reference Line	39	(1)
The Commissuro-Mamillary Plane	40	(1)
The Commissural-Obex Reference Plane	41	(1)
Biometric Findings	41	(1)
Anatomic and Imaging Correlations	42	(6)
References	48	(3)
Brain Cortical Mantle, Ventricles and White Matter Core	51	(66)
Historical Notes and Landmarks	51	(1)
Cytoarchitecture and Brain Mapping	51	(50)
Gross Morphology and Fissural Patterns of the Brain	56	(1)
Gross Morphology	56	(1)
Brain Sulcation: Classifications	57	(1)
Sulcal and Gyral Anatomy	57	(1)
The Lateral Surface of the Cerebral Hemisphere	57	(1)
Lateral Fissure of Sylvius	57	(12)
Central Sulcus (Rolando)	69	(5)
Inferior Frontal Sulcus	74	(1)
Superior Frontal Sulcus	74	(1)
Precentral Sulcus	74	(1)
The Intraparietal Sulcus	74	(4)
Superior Temporal Sulcus	78	(1)
Frontomarginal Sulcus	78	(1)
Gyri of the Lateral Surface of the Cerebral Hemisphere	78	(1)
The Frontal Lobe	78	(1)
Inferior Frontal Gyrus	78	(1)
Middle Frontal Gyrus	78	(2)
Superior Frontal Gyrus	80	(1)
Precentral Gyrus	80	(1)
The Parietal Lobe	80	(1)
Postcentral Gyrus	80	(1)
Inferior Parietal Gyri	80	(1)
Superior Parietal Gyrus	81	(1)
The Temporal Lobe	81	(1)
Superior Temporal Gyrus	81	(1)
Middle Temporal Gyrus	81	(1)
Inferior Temporal Gyrus	81	(1)
The Occipital Lobe	81	(2)
The Insula of Reil	83	(1)
The Mesial Surface of the Cerebral Hemisphere	83	(3)
Cingulate Sulcus	86	(1)
Parieto-occipital Sulcus	86	(1)
Calcarine Sulcus	86	(1)
Rostral Sulci	86	(1)
Gyri of the Mesial Surface of the Cerebral Hemisphere	86	(1)
The Gyrus Rectus	86	(1)
The Cingulate Gyrus	87	(4)
The Medial Frontal Gyrus	91	(1)
The Paracentral Lobule	91	(1)
The Precuneus	91	(1)
The Cuneus	92	(1)
The Lingual Gyrus	93	(1)
The Basal Surface of the Cerebral Hemisphere	93	(1)
The Frontal Orbital Lobe	93	(1)
Olfactory Sulcus and Gyrus Rectus	93	(1)
Orbital or Orbitofrontal Sulci and Gyri	93	(1)
The Temporal Basal Lobe	93	(1)
Collateral Sulcus and Parahippocampal Gyrus	93	(3)
Occipitotemporal Sulcus and Fusiform Gyrus	96	(1)
White Matter Core and Major Association Tracts	96	(5)
Vascular Supply of the Brain	101	(16)
The Arterial Supply of the Brain	101	(1)
The Internal Carotid Artery	101	(1)
The Ophthalmic Artery	102	(1)
The Posterior Communicating Artery	102	(1)
The Anterior Choroidal Artery	103	(1)
The Anterior Cerebral Artery	103	(2)
The Middle Cerebral Artery	105	(1)
The Arterial Circle of Willis	105	(5)
Vascular Supply of the Posterior Fossa	110	(1)
The Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery	110	(1)
The Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery	111	(1)
The Superior Cerebellar Artery	111	(1)
The Cerebral Venous System	111	(2)
References	113	(4)
Central Region and Motor Cortex	117	(22)
Introduction	117	(1)
Embryology of the Sensorimotor Cortex	117	(1)
Morphology and Imaging	117	(12)
The Central Sulcus	117	(3)
The Precentral Sulcus	120	(1)
The Postcentral Sulcus	121	(1)
Topographical and Functional Anatomy and Imaging	121	(1)
The Primary Sensorimotor Cortex or Central Cortex	121	(1)
The Primary Motor Cortex or Precentral Gyrus	122	(3)
The Postcentral Gyrus	125	(1)
Motor and Sensory Representation in the Primary Sensorimotor Cortex	125	(1)
The Premotor Cortex	126	(2)
The Supplementary Motor Area	128	(1)
The Pyramidal Tract	129	(4)
Vascular Supply of the Sensorimotor Cortex	133	(2)
Arterial Supply of the Sensorimotor Cortex	133	(1)
Arterial Supply of the Lateral Aspect of the Hemisphere	133	(1)
Arterial Supply to the Mesial Aspect of the Hemisphere	134	(1)
Venous Drainage of the Sensorimotor Cortex	134	(1)
The Lateral Venous Drainage System	134	(1)
The Mesial Venous Drainage System	135	(1)
Imaging Approaches for the Localization of the Central Sulcus	135	(4)
References	136	(3)
Perisylvian Cognitive Region	139	(22)
The Lateral Fissure and the Perisylvian Opercula	139	(1)
The Insula of Reil	139	(6)
The Preinsular Area	139	(1)
The Insular Lobe	139	(3)
The Anatomic Relationships of the Insula	142	(2)
Vascular Relationships of the Insula	144	(1)
Function of the Insula	145	(1)
The Anterior Speech Region	145	(5)
Sulcal Anatomy of the Anterior Speech Region	146	(1)
The Horizontal Ramus	146	(1)
The Vertical Ramus	146	(3)
The Inferior Precentral Sulcus	149	(1)
Gyral Anatomy of the Anterior Speech Region	149	(1)
The Pars Triangularis	149	(1)
The Pars Opercularis	149	(1)
The Posterior Speech Area	150	(6)
Sulcal Anatomy of the Posterior Speech Area	151	(1)
The Third Segment of the Lateral Fissure	151	(1)
The Inferior Parietal Sulci	152	(1)
Posterior Extent of the Parallel Sulcus	152	(1)
Gyral Anatomy of the Posterior Speech Area	153	(1)
Anatomy of Heschl's Gyrus	153	(3)
Anatomy of the Temporal Planum	156	(1)
Imaging of the Posterior Speech Area	156	(1)
The Cerebral Asymmetries	156	(5)
References	158	(3)
Limbic Lobe and Mesial Temporal Region	161	(24)
The Limbic Lobe or ``Grand Lobe Limbique''	161	(2)
Morphology and Topographical Anatomy	161	(1)
Imaging of the Limbic Lobe	161	(2)
The ``Forniceal Plane''	163	(1)
Anatomy of the Mesial Temporal Region	163	(22)
The Temporal Polar Cortex	163	(3)
The Entorhinal Area	166	(1)
The Perirhinal Area	166	(2)
The Amygdala	168	(1)
Morphology, Topographical Anatomy and Imaging of the Amygdala	168	(1)
The Basolateral Group of Nuclei	168	(1)
The Corticomedial Group of Nuclei	169	(1)
The Central Group of Nuclei	170	(1)
Boundaries of the Amygdaloid Bodies	170	(1)
Functional and Clinical Considerations	171	(1)
Clinical Considerations and Targeting	171	(1)
The Hippocampal Formation	172	(1)
Embryology	172	(1)
The Choroid Plexus, Tela, Taenia, and Lamina Affixa	173	(1)
Morphology and Imaging	173	(1)
Anatomy of the Hippocampal Formation	174	(1)
The Hippocampus Proper	174	(1)
The Hippocampal Head	174	(2)
The Hippocampal Body	176	(1)
The Hippocampal Tail	176	(1)
Cytoarchitectonics and Intrinsic Circuitry	177	(2)
Vascular Supply of the Mesial Temporal Region	179	(1)
Functional and Clinical Considerations	179	(2)
Clinical Considerations	181	(1)
The Uncus	181	(1)
References	181	(4)
The Basal Forebrain, Diencephalon and Basal Ganglia	185	(42)
Regional Anatomy and Imaging of the Interbrain	185	(1)
The Basal Forebrain and Related Structures	186	(5)
The Septal Region	187	(1)
Morphology and Topographical Anatomy and Imaging	187	(1)
Functional and Clinical Considerations	188	(2)
The Substantia Innominata	190	(1)
Morphology and Topographical Anatomy and Imaging	190	(1)
Functional and Clinical Considerations	191	(1)
The Thalamus	191	(9)
Topographical and Nuclear Organization	193	(6)
Functional Aspects and Clinical Considerations	199	(1)
The Thalamic Radiations	199	(1)
The Vascular Supply to the Thalamus	200	(1)
The Epithalamus	200	(1)
The Pineal Gland	200	(1)
The Habenula	200	(1)
The Posterior Commissure	200	(1)
The Hypothalamus	201	(4)
Cytoarchitecture of the Hypothalamus	203	(1)
The Medial Hypothalamic Zone	203	(1)
The Lateral Hypothalamic Region	203	(1)
Connections of the Hypothalamus	204	(1)
Functional Aspects and Clinical Considerations	205	(1)
Vascular Supply to the Hypothalamus	205	(1)
The Subthalamic Region, Subthalamus, or Ventral Thalamus	205	(2)
The Subthalamic Nucleus (Corpus Luysi)	206	(1)
Morphology and Topographical Anatomy	206	(1)
Functional and Clinical Considerations	206	(1)
The Zona Incerta	206	(1)
The Prerubral Field	207	(1)
Vascular Supply to the Subthalamic Region	207	(1)
The Basal Ganglia	207	(9)
Morphology and Imaging	207	(2)
Topographical Anatomy of the Lenticular Nucleus	209	(1)
Topographical Anatomy of the Caudate Nucleus	209	(3)
Functional Aspects and Clinical Considerations	212	(1)
Functional Neurosurgery	213	(1)
Arterial Supply to the Basal Ganglia	214	(2)
The Internal Capsule and Corona Radiata	216	(11)
Gross Morphology and Imaging	216	(1)
Topographical and Functional Anatomy	216	(1)
Arterial Supply to the Internal Capsule	217	(1)
References	217	(3)
Synoptical Atlas of Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Interbrain Using the Commissural-Obex (PC-OB) Reference Plane	220	(1)
From the Genu of Corpus Callosum to the Anterior Commissure	220	(2)
From the Anterior Commissure to the PC-OB Reference Plane	222	(1)
From the PC-OB Plane to the Splenium of Corpus Callosum	223	(2)
Abbreviations	225	(2)
The Brainstem and Cerebellum	227	(30)
Introduction	227	(1)
The Brainstem	227	(15)
The Midbrain	228	(2)
The Rostral Midbrain: Superior Collicular Level	230	(1)
The Caudal Midbrain: Inferior Collicular Level	230	(1)
The Midbrain-Diencephalic Junction	231	(1)
The Red Nuclei and Substantia Nigra	231	(1)
The Red Nucleus: Morphology and Functional Anatomy	231	(1)
Functional and Clinical Considerations	232	(1)
The Substantia Nigra: Morphology and Functional Anatomy	232	(2)
Functional and Clinical Considerations	234	(1)
The Cerebral Peduncles or Crus Cerebri	235	(1)
The Pons	236	(1)
Isthmus Rhombencephali: Upper Pons Level	236	(1)
The Pons at the Level of the Trigeminal Nerve Root	237	(1)
The Pons at the Level of the Advent of the Cerebellum	237	(1)
The Medulla Oblongata	238	(1)
The Brainstem Reticular Formation	239	(1)
Morphology and Topographical Anatomy	239	(1)
Functional and Clinical Considerations	239	(1)
The Raphe Nuclei or Median Zone	239	(1)
The Medial Reticular Zone	240	(1)
The Lateral Reticular Zone	240	(1)
Vascular Supply to the Brainstem	240	(1)
At the Midbrain Level	240	(1)
At the Pontine Level	241	(1)
At the Medullary Level	241	(1)
The Cerebellum	242	(15)
Developmental Anatomy and Phylogenesis	242	(1)
Morphology and Topographical Anatomy	243	(1)
Structural Organization	243	(6)
The Deep Cerebellar Nuclei	249	(1)
Functional and Clinical Considerations	249	(3)
Vascular Supply to the Cerebellum	252	(1)
References	253	(4)
Optic Pathway and Striate Cortex	257	(42)
Introduction	257	(1)
Short History of the Anatomy of the Visual Pathways	257	(3)
Elements of Ontogenesis, Phylogenesis and Teratology	260	(8)
Ontogenesis of the Visual System	260	(1)
Phylogenesis of the Anterior Optic Pathways	261	(1)
The Eyes	261	(1)
The Optic Nerves	262	(1)
The Chiasm	262	(1)
The Lateral Geniculate Body	262	(1)
The Visual Cortex	262	(1)
Approach to Evolution Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging	263	(1)
Elements of Teratology: The Spectrum of Cyclopia	264	(4)
Morphology and Functional Anatomy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Visual System	268	(25)
Cephalic Orientations and Visual Pathway	268	(1)
The Neuro-ocular Plane	268	(1)
Anatomical Imaging Correlations	268	(1)
Oculo-orbital Topometry	268	(3)
The Chiasmatico-Commissural Plane	271	(1)
Anatomic Correlations	271	(2)
The Eyes	273	(1)
The Optic Nerves	273	(1)
The Intraocular Optic Nerve	273	(1)
The Intraorbital Optic Nerve	273	(1)
The Intracanalicular Optic Nerve	274	(6)
The Intracranial Optic Nerve	280	(1)
The Optic Chiasm	280	(2)
The Optic Tract and the Lateral Geniculate Body	282	(3)
The Geniculocalcarine Tract or Optic Radiation	285	(3)
The Striate Visual Cortex (Area 17)	288	(1)
The Parastriate (Area 18) and Peristriate (Area 19) Cortex	289	(1)
The Superior Colliculi as Related to the Visual System	289	(4)
Vascular Supply to the Visual Pathway	293	(1)
Magnetic Resonance Approach to Neuro-ophthalmological Disorders	293	(6)
The Orbital Region	293	(1)
The Chiasmal Region	294	(1)
The Optic Radiations and Striate Cortex	294	(1)
References	295	(4)
Atlas of Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Brain	299	(26)
Atlas of Cross-Sectional Anatomy Using the Commissural-Obex Reference Plane (Figs. 10.1, 10.2)	299	(13)
From the Frontal Pole to the Genu of the Corpus Callosum (Figs. 10.3--10.10)	299	(3)
From the Genu of the Corpus Callosum to the Anterior Commissure (Figs. 10.11--10.16)	302	(1)
From the Anterior Commissure to the Commissural-Obex Reference Plane (Figs. 10.17--10.24)	303	(3)
From the Commissural-Obex Plane to the Splenium of the Corpus Callosum (Figs. 10.25--10.32)	306	(3)
Posterior to the Splenium Toward the Occipital Pole (Figs. 10.33--10.45)	309	(1)
Abbreviations	310	(2)
Atlas of Cross-Sectional Anatomy Using MR Oriented According to the Ventricular Reference Plane (Figs. 10.46--10.59)	312	(4)
Atlas of Cross-Sectional Anatomy Using the Forniceal Reference Plane (Figs. 10.60--10.89)	316	(9)
Subject Index	325