Atlas of Woody Plant Stems

by Schweingruber, F. H.; Börner, A.; Schulze, E. D.

• ISBN13: 9783540325239
• ISBN10: 3540325239
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-10-30
• Publisher: Springer Nature

Summary

This atlas describes the anatomical basics of dendrochronology and wood technology. It gives a unique assemblage of microscopic slides of wood and bark anatomy and demonstrates the reaction of stems to different environments. It provides insight into the evolution of wood, to the variation of wood anatomy in response to climate and disturbances, and it gives an introduction to the methodology used to study wood. Special attention has been given to the unique feature of secondary growth. It occurs in annuals as well as in thousand-year-old living plants and it is the base for the observed large morphological and physiological diversity of woody species. The aesthetic and perfect functional structures in the anatomical slides and the pictures of the studied species are accentuated by the appealing design of the book. This, along with the wide-ranging scientific content make the book both attractive and unique.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Abbreviations and Technical Remarks	x
Introduction	1	(3)
The Evolution of Plant Stems in the Earth's History
The Landscape in the Paleozoic	4	(2)
Plant Body of Vascular Plants	6	(2)
The Evolution of a Stabilization System	8	(1)
The Contemporary Fossil Psilotum Nudum?	9	(1)
Diversification of Plants Containing Tracheids
The Lycopods	10	(1)
The Horsetails	11	(1)
The Fossil and Contamporary Ferns	12	(2)
Contemporary Ferns	14	(2)
Trees Grow Taller and Bigger	16	(2)
Successful Seed Plants with Naked Seeds
Ginkgos and Cycads	18	(2)
Gnetophytes (Ephedra, Gnetum and Welwitschia)	20	(2)
The Most Successful Seed Plants with Naked Seeds: Conifers	22	(2)
Successful Plants with Seeds Enclosed in a Carpel: Angiospermae	24	(2)
Systematic of Plant Life	26	(2)
The Structure of the Plant Body
Life Forms in Different Vegetation Zones	28	(2)
Principal Growth Forms of Stems	30	(2)
Principal Construction of Roots and Shoots	32	(2)
Principal Construction of the Xylem and Phloem Cell Types, Cell Walls and Cell Contents	34	(6)
Secondary Growth: Advantages and Risks
Primary and Secondary Growth	40	(2)
Principle Structure of Plants with Secondary Growth	42	(1)
Physiological Ageing in Plants with Secondary Growth	43	(1)
The Risks of Water Transport: Stabilized and Permeable Cell Walls	44	(2)
The Risks of Stem Thickening: Dilatation and Phellem Formation	46	(4)
The Risks of Over-Production: Programmed Cell Death	50	(2)
The Risks of Instability: Eccentricity	52	(8)
Reaction Wood	54	(2)
Formation of Lignin and Thick Cell Walls	56	(2)
Internal Optimization	58	(2)
The Risk of Decomposition: Natural Boundaries and Protection Systems	60	(4)
Defence Barriers Around Wounds	62	(2)
The Risk of Shedding Plant Parts: Abscission	64	(6)
Modification of the Stem Structure
The Primary Stage of Growth: The Construction of Vascular Bundles	70	(6)
The Arrangement of Vascular Bundles in Mosses, Lycopods and Ferns	72	(2)
The Arrangement of Vascular Bundles in Conifer and Dicotyledonous Plant Shoots	74	(2)
The Secondary Stage of Growth: Conifer Xylem	76	(6)
The Xylem of Dicotyledonous Angiosperms	78	(4)
The Primary and Secondary Stages of Growth of Monocotyledons: Macroscopic View	82	(4)
Microscopic View	84	(2)
The Secondary Stage of Growth: Conifer Phloem	86	(6)
The Phloem of Dicotyledonous Angiosperms	88	(2)
Cambial Growth Variants and Successive Cambia	90	(2)
The Third Stage of Growth: The Periderm	92	(4)
Modification of the Xylem Within a Plant
Conifer: Root, Twig and Stem	96	(4)
Deciduous Tree: Root, Twig and Stem	98	(1)
From Root to Stem Structure	99	(1)
Modification by Aging: Changing Growth Forms	100	(8)
Changing Growth and Leaf Forms	101	(1)
Changing Wood Anatomical Structures	102	(2)
Change of Phloem and Periderm Structures	104	(4)
Modification of the Xylem and Phloem by Ecological Factors
Intra-Annual Density Fluctuations, Phenolic and Crystal Deposits	108	(2)
Intra-Annual Cell Collapse, Callous Tissue and Ducts	110	(2)
Interannual Variation of Latewood Zones	112	(1)
Long Term Variations: Sudden Growth Changes	113	(1)
Inter- and Intra-Annual Variations of the Phloem	114	(4)
Modification of Organs
Modification of Shoots: Long and Short Shoots	118	(10)
Shedding Needles, Male and Female Flowers	121	(1)
Thorns and Spines	122	(2)
Vertical, Horizontal and Drooping Twigs	124	(2)
Latent and Adventitious Shoots	126	(2)
The Lateral Modification of Stems	128	(4)
Anatomical Plasticity
Wood Structural Variability
In Different Families	132	(2)
In Different Growth Forms	134	(2)
Under Different Site Conditions	136	(4)
Modification Caused by Different Shoot and Root Functions	140	(4)
Modifications Caused by Weather and Climate
Major Wood Anatomical Types in Different Climatic Regions	144	(4)
Modification of the Annual Tree-Ring Formation Caused By Seasonal Climatic Changes	148	(2)
Modification of the Annual Tree-Ring Formation Caused By Seasonal Climatic Changes: The Genetic Component	150	(2)
Modification of the Xylem due to Intra-Seasonal Variations: Ecological, Climatic and Individual Compontents	152	(2)
Modifications Caused by Extreme Events
Lack of Light	154	(4)
Severe Frost	158	(2)
Drought and Drainage	160	(2)
Defoliation by Insects	162	(2)
Defoliation Caused by Chemical Pollution and Nuclear Radiation	164	(2)
Crown Destruction due to Grazing	166	(2)
Crown Destruction Caused by Pruning and Pollarding	168	(2)
The Felling of Stems	170	(2)
Growing Together: Anastomosis	172	(2)
Crown, Stem and Site Destruction by Forest Fires	174	(4)
Crown and Stem Destruction by Parasites and Pathogens	178	(2)
Mechanical Stress on Stems due to Imbalance and Shock	180	(4)
Physiological Stress Caused by Stem Wounds	184	(4)
From Anatomical Features to Plant Structures
How do Woody Plants Get Old?	188	(2)
How Large Can Trees Get?	190	(2)
The Structural Diversity of Woody Plants	192	(3)
Protection Against Environmental Extremes
Temperature Extremes	195	(2)
Avoiding Shade	197	(1)
Storage of Reserves in Seasonal Climates	198	(1)
Other Special Ecological Adaptations
Herbivory and Ant Plants	199	(1)
Mangroves and Flooding	200	(1)
Mistletoes	201	(1)
Phyllods, Phylloclades, Green Woody Stems	202	(2)
Decay of Dead Wood
Insects	204	(2)
Fungi	206	(2)
Carbonization	208	(2)
Petrification	210	(2)
Compression	212	(4)
Microscopical Preparation
Collection and Storing of Material and Preparation for Sectioning	216	(1)
Making Thin Sections	216	(1)
Preparation of Thin Sections for Permanent Slides	217	(1)
Observation and Photography	217	(2)
References	219	(2)
List of Species	221	(6)
Subject Index	227