The Auditory System Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Correlates

by Musiek, Frank E.; Baran, Jane A.

• ISBN13: 9780205335534
• ISBN10: 0205335535
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-03-15
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

From well-known author, Frank Musiek, comes a new text designed to aid audiology students through the clinical portion of their experience. The Auditory System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Correlatestakes an easy-to-understand approach to anatomy and physiology of the auditory system. Balanced coverage of peripheral and central auditory systems increase the readersrs" appreciation of the entire auditory system. Chapter 1 provides a quick reference and overview to the entire text. Integrated clinical correlates for anatomical and physiological information provide clinical relevance. Generous use of review articles and secondary sources enhances general understanding of the subject and a balanced mixture of anatomical sketches and photographs facilitates learning.

Table of Contents

Overview of the Anatomy and Physiology of the Auditory System	1	(37)
Introduction to the Auditory System	1	(2)
The Peripheral Auditory System	3	(14)
External and Middle Ear	3	(1)
Anatomy and Physiology	3	(2)
The Cochlea	5	(1)
Anatomy	5	(1)
Temporal Bone	5	(1)
The Bony Cochlea	5	(1)
The Membranous Cochlea	6	(1)
The Organ of Corti	7	(2)
Cochlear Physiology	9	(1)
Cochlear Mechanics	10	(1)
Frequency and Intensity	10	(1)
Hair Cell Mechanics	11	(2)
Cochlear Electrophysiology	13	(2)
The Auditory Nerve	15	(1)
Anatomy	15	(1)
Physiology	16	(1)
The Central Auditory System	17	(16)
The Cochlear Nucleus	17	(1)
Anatomy	17	(2)
Physiology	19	(1)
The Superior Olivary Complex	20	(1)
Anatomy	20	(1)
Physiology	20	(1)
The Acoustic Reflex	21	(1)
The Lateral Lemniscus	22	(1)
Anatomy	22	(1)
Physiology	22	(1)
Inferior Colliculus	23	(1)
Anatomy	23	(1)
Physiology	23	(1)
The Medial Geniculate Body and Auditory Thalamus	24	(1)
Anatomy	24	(1)
Physiology	25	(1)
Auditory Cortex and Subcortex	25	(1)
Anatomy	25	(2)
Physiology	27	(4)
The Corpus Callosum	31	(1)
Anatomy	31	(1)
Physiology	32	(1)
Vascular Anatomy and Related Functions	33	(1)
Vascular Anatomy of the Peripheral System	33	(1)
Vascular Anatomy of the Central Auditory System	34	(1)
The Efferent System	34	(2)
The Caudal and Rostral Systems	34	(1)
Anatomy	34	(1)
Physiology	35	(1)
Neurotransmission in the Auditory System	36	(1)
Summary	37	(1)
The External Ear: Its Structure and Function	38	(10)
Introduction	38	(1)
Anatomy	38	(2)
Pinna (Auricle)	38	(2)
External Auditory Meatus (Ear Canal)	40	(3)
Functions of the Outer Ear	43	(4)
Pinna (Auricle)	43	(1)
External Auditory Meatus (Ear Canal)	43	(2)
Directional Effects	45	(1)
Combined Effects of the Head and Torso and Outer Ear on Pressure Gain	46	(1)
Summary	47	(1)
Anatomy and Physiology of the Middle Ear	48	(23)
Introduction	48	(1)
Anatomy	49	(20)
Middle Ear Space (Cavity)	49	(2)
Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)	51	(2)
Ossicular Chain	53	(1)
Malleus	53	(1)
Incus	53	(1)
Stapes	54	(1)
Support for the Ossicular Chain	55	(1)
Eustachian Tube	56	(1)
Middle Ear Muscles	57	(1)
Physiology	58	(2)
Middle Ear Space	60	(1)
Combined Effects of the Outer Ear and Middle Ear on Sound Transmission	60	(1)
Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)	61	(1)
Ossicular Chain	62	(3)
Eustachian Tube	65	(1)
The Middle Ear Transformer	65	(2)
Bone-Conduction Mechanisms	67	(2)
Summary	69	(2)
Functional Anatomy of the Cochlea	71	(26)
Introduction	71	(1)
Overview of the Temporal Bone	71	(4)
Osseous (Bony) Cochlea	75	(3)
Membranous Cochlea and Related Structures	78	(7)
Scalae and Cochlear Fluids	78	(3)
Vestibular and Cochlear Aqueducts	81	(2)
Basilar and Reissner's Membranes	83	(2)
Organ of Corti	85	(10)
Tectorial Membrane	85	(2)
Reticular Lamina	87	(1)
Lateral Wall of Cochlear Duct	87	(1)
Hair Cells	88	(6)
Supporting Cells	94	(1)
Summary	95	(2)
Cochlear Physiology I: Mostly Mechanics	97	(15)
Introduction	97	(1)
The Traveling Wave (TW)	98	(9)
Frequency and Intensity Representation	101	(3)
Nonlinearity	104	(3)
Hair Cell Mechanics	107	(4)
Summary	111	(1)
CochleaR physiology II: Mostly Electrophysiology	112	(38)
Introduction	112	(1)
Cochlear Organization	112	(11)
Fluid Compartments	112	(1)
Cochlear Duct and Organ of Corti	113	(2)
Sensory Hair Cells	115	(1)
Gross Features	115	(1)
Stereocilia Tip-Links and Side-Links	116	(1)
Stria Vascularis: Ion Pumps and Potassium Recycling	116	(2)
Hair Cell Transduction	118	(1)
Receptor Potential	118	(1)
Davis Battery Theory	119	(1)
Excitation and Inhibition	119	(1)
Location of Transduction Channels	120	(1)
Transduction Kinetics	121	(1)
Channel Selectivity	121	(1)
Neurotransmitters	122	(1)
Gross Cochlear Potentials	123	(7)
Endocochlear Potential	123	(1)
Cochlear Microphonic Potential	124	(1)
Summating Potential	125	(1)
Compound Action Potential	126	(4)
Hair Cell Receptor Potentials	130	(6)
Basal Turn IHC Receptor Potential	130	(1)
Basal Turn OHC Receptor Potential	130	(2)
Apical Turn IHCs and OHCs	132	(1)
Hair Cell Tuning	132	(1)
Hair Cell Input/Output Functions	133	(1)
Efferent Stimulation	133	(1)
OHC Function	134	(2)
Electromotility	136	(4)
Electromotility Motor and Prestin	138	(2)
Otoacoustic Emissions	140	(4)
Types of Otoacoustic Emissions	140	(1)
TEOAEs	140	(2)
DPOAEs	142	(2)
SOAEs	144	(6)
EEOAEs	145	(1)
Prestin, DPOAEs, and Threshold	146	(4)
Structure and Function of the Auditory Nerve	150	(22)
Introduction	150	(1)
Anatomy of the Auditory Nerve	151	(8)
Physiology of the Auditory Nerve	159	(12)
Fundamental Considerations	159	(1)
Frequency Coding of Tones	160	(3)
Frequency Coding of Complex Sounds	163	(1)
Two-Tone Inhibition	163	(1)
The Effect of Intensity on Frequency Coding	164	(1)
Intensity Coding	164	(2)
Firing Pattern and Adaptation	166	(1)
Evoked Potentials and the Auditory Nerve	167	(2)
Latency-Intensity Functions	169	(1)
Conduction Velocity of the Auditory Nerve	170	(1)
Neurotransmitters	170	(1)
Summary	171	(1)
The First Central Auditory Structure: The Cochlear Nucleus	172	(17)
Introduction	172	(1)
Anatomy of the Cochlear Nucleus	172	(5)
General Aspects	172	(3)
Inputs to the Cochlear Nucleus	175	(1)
Cell Types	176	(1)
Physiology of the Cochlear Nucleus	177	(11)
Acoustic Responses of Cell Types	177	(1)
Frequency Representation	178	(1)
Intensity Coding	179	(1)
Temporal Functions	180	(1)
Speech Signals	181	(1)
Binaural Processes	181	(1)
Evoked Potentials	182	(1)
Output of the Cochlear Nucleus	182	(5)
Neurotransmitters at the Cochlear Nucleus	187	(1)
The Acoustic Startle Reflex and the Cochlear Nucleus	187	(1)
Summary	188	(1)
SuperioR Olivary Complex	189	(18)
Introduction	189	(1)
Anatomy of the Superior Olivary Complex	189	(4)
General Aspects	189	(2)
Neural Inputs to the Superior Olivary Complex	191	(1)
Related Anatomy	191	(1)
Cell Types	191	(1)
Tonotopic Organization	191	(1)
Projections from the Superior Olivary Complex	192	(1)
Physiology of the Superior Olivary Complex	193	(9)
Interaural Interaction, Localization, and Lateralization	193	(4)
The ABR and the Superior Olivary Complex	197	(1)
Binaural Interaction Components of the ABR: Relationships to the SOC	198	(1)
Tuning Curves and Cell Response Types in the Superior Olivary Complex	199	(1)
Intensity Coding at the Superior Olivary Complex	200	(1)
Interaural Timing and the Superior Olivary Complex	200	(1)
Neurotransmitters in the Superior Olivary Complex	201	(1)
The Acoustic Reflex	202	(4)
Anatomy of the Acoustic Reflex Arc	202	(1)
Physiology of the Acoustic Reflex	203	(1)
Laterality of the Acoustic Reflex	204	(1)
Intensity and the Acoustic Reflex	205	(1)
Latency of the Acoustic Reflex	205	(1)
Summary	206	(1)
ThE Lateral Lemniscus and Inferior Colliculus	207	(15)
Introduction	207	(1)
Anatomy of the Lateral Lemniscus	207	(3)
Cell Types	210	(1)
Physiology of the Lateral Lemniscus	210	(2)
Cell Discharge Patterns	210	(1)
Tonotopic Organization	210	(1)
Temporal and Binaural Aspects	210	(1)
Neurotransmitters	211	(1)
Role of the Lateral Lemniscus in the ABR	211	(1)
Anatomy of the Inferior Colliculus	212	(2)
Afferent Inputs	213	(1)
Output of the Inferior Colliculus	214	(1)
Cell Types	214	(1)
Physiology of the Inferior Colliculus	214	(7)
Tonotopicity and Frequency Characteristics	214	(1)
Intensity Coding	215	(1)
Temporal Processes and Amplitude Modulation	215	(4)
Binaural Activity and Sound Localization	219	(1)
Neurotransmitters of the Inferior Colliculus	220	(1)
Summary	221	(1)
The medial geniculate body and auditory thalamus	222	(13)
Introduction	222	(1)
Anatomy of the Medial Geniculate and the Auditory Thalamus	222	(6)
Neural Inputs	224	(1)
Neural Outputs	225	(2)
Cell Types	227	(1)
Physiology of the Medial Geniculate Body and Auditory Thalamus	228	(6)
Frequency Information	228	(1)
Intensity Aspects	228	(1)
Temporal Responses	229	(1)
Binaural Coding	230	(1)
Comparison of Selected Physiologic Properties of the Main Divisions of the MGB	230	(1)
Pathological Aspects	231	(3)
Neurotransmitters	234	(1)
Summary	234	(1)
The Auditory Cortex and Subcortex	235	(29)
Introduction	235	(1)
Anatomy of the Auditory Cortex and Subcortex	236	(9)
Inputs to the Auditory Cortex and Subcortex	236	(2)
Auditory Cortex Location	238	(4)
The ``Belt-Core'' Concept	242	(1)
Intrahemispheric Connections of the Primary Auditory Cortex	242	(2)
Insula	244	(1)
Supramarginal Gyrus and Angular Gyrus	245	(1)
Physiology of the Auditory Cortex and Subcortex	245	(17)
Frequency Coding	245	(2)
Insula Tonotopicity	247	(1)
Tuning Curves	247	(1)
Intensity Coding and the Auditory Cortex	247	(2)
Modulated Signals (FM and AM)	249	(1)
Temporal Aspects of the Auditory Cortex	250	(1)
Speech and Complex Stimuli	250	(3)
Auditory Cortex and Hearing in Noise	253	(1)
Binaural Interactions and the Auditory Cortex	254	(1)
Evoked Potentials	255	(4)
Ablation Studies of the Auditory Cortex	259	(2)
Functional Imaging and the Auditory Cortex	261	(1)
Neurotransmitters of the Auditory Cortex	262	(1)
Summary	262	(2)
The Corpus Callosum and Auditory Interhemispheric Function	264	(20)
Introduction	264	(1)
Anatomy of the Corpus Callosum and Interhemispheric Neuronal Pathways	265	(5)
Maturation, Age, and Gender Effects on Corpus Callosum Anatomy	269	(1)
Physiology of the Corpus Callosum and Interhemispheric Neuronal Pathways	270	(12)
Maturation and Age Effects on Callosal Transfer Time	272	(1)
Human Psychophysics and Function of the Corpus Callosum	273	(6)
Anterior Commissure	279	(1)
Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum	280	(2)
Summary	282	(2)
Vascular Anatomy of the Auditory System	284	(15)
Introduction	284	(1)
Vascular Anatomy of the Auditory Periphery	284	(7)
The Outer Ear and the Middle Ear	284	(2)
The Cochlea and the Auditory Nerve	286	(5)
Vascular Anatomy of the Central Auditory System	291	(6)
Summary	297	(2)
The Efferent System	299	(23)
Introduction	299	(1)
Overview of the Efferent System	300	(1)
The Rostral Efferent System	301	(2)
Anatomy of the Rostral Efferent System	301	(1)
Physiology of the Rostral Efferent System	302	(1)
The Caudal Efferent System	303	(17)
Anatomy of the Caudal Efferent System	303	(1)
The Olivocochlear Bundle (OCB) System	304	(1)
Lateral Olivocochlear Bundle (LOC)	304	(2)
Medial Olivocochlear Bundle (MOC)	306	(3)
Tonotopicity	309	(1)
Physiology of the Caudal Efferent System	309	(1)
Poststimulus Time Histograms	309	(1)
Other Response Properties	309	(1)
Medial Olivocochlear Bundle Effects on Cochlear Nucleus Activity	310	(1)
Medial and Lateral Olivocochlear Bundle Effects on the Auditory Nerve	310	(2)
Medial Olivocochlear Bundle Functions in Noise	312	(3)
Influences of Medial Olivocochlear System Stimulation on the Cochlea	315	(1)
Medial Olivocochlear Bundle and Otoacoustic Emissions	315	(2)
Neurotransmitters in the Olivocochlear System	317	(2)
Olivocochlear Bundle and Protection from High-Intensity Sound	319	(1)
Summary	320	(2)
Glossary	322	(7)
References	329