Authoritative Guide to Self-Help Resources in Mental Health

by Norcross, John C.; Santrock, John W.; Campbell, Linda F.; Smith, Thomas P.; Sommer, Robert; Zuckerman, Edward L.

• ISBN13: 9781572305809
• ISBN10: 1572305800
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-08-10
• Publisher: The Guilford Press

Summary

Guide for consumers and reference for professional referrals. Surveys the important paths commonly used by self-help consumers. Offers collective wisdom of the professional community and practical strategies for evaluating self-help resources. Previous edition: c1994. Softcover, hardcover also available.

Author Biography

John C. Norcross, PhD, is Professor and former Chair of Psychology at the University of Scranton. John W. Santrock, PhD, is Professor and former Chair of Psychology at the University of Texas at Dallas. Linda F. Campbell, PhD, is Associate Professor and director of the training clinic in the Department of Counseling and Human Development at the University of Georgia. Thomas P. Smith, PsyD, is a licensed psychologist in the Counseling Center at the University of Scranton. Robert Sommer, PhD, is Professor and former Chair of Psychology at the University of California, Davis. Edward L. Zuckerman, PhD, a clinical psychologist, teacher, and author, is Editor of the Clinician's Toolbox series.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Self-Help in Mental Health	1	(15)
Self-Help Resources	2	(8)
Five National Studies	10	(1)
One to Five Stars and a Dagger	11	(2)
How This Book Is Organized	13	(1)
Using This Book Effectively	13	(2)
Abuse	15	(19)
Self-Help Books	18	(4)
Autobiographies	22	(1)
Movies	23	(1)
Internet Resources	24	(7)
National Support Groups	31	(3)
Addictive Disorders and Codependency	34	(17)
Self-Help Books	36	(6)
Autobiographies	42	(1)
Movies	43	(2)
Internet Resources	45	(3)
National Support Groups	48	(3)
Adult Development and Aging	51	(16)
Self-Help Books	53	(6)
Autobiographies	59	(1)
Movies	60	(2)
Internet Resources	62	(3)
National Support Groups	65	(2)
Anger	67	(7)
Self-Help Books	67	(5)
Internet Resources	72	(2)
Anxiety Disorders	74	(18)
Self-Help Books	74	(7)
Autobiographies	81	(1)
Movies	82	(2)
Internet Resources	84	(6)
National Support Groups	90	(2)
Assertiveness	92	(6)
Self-Help Books	92	(4)
Internet Resources	96	(2)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	98	(9)
Self-Help Books	99	(2)
Autobiographies	101	(1)
Internet Resources	102	(3)
National Support Groups	105	(2)
Career Development	107	(9)
Self-Help Books	107	(5)
Internet Resources	112	(4)
Child Development and Parenting	116	(18)
Self-Help Books	118	(10)
Movies	128	(2)
Internet Resources	130	(4)
Communication and People Skills	134	(12)
Self-Help Books	134	(9)
Movies	143	(1)
Internet Resources	144	(2)
Death and Grieving	146	(15)
Self-Help Books	146	(7)
Autobiographies	153	(1)
Movies	154	(2)
Internet Resources	156	(3)
National Support Groups	159	(2)
Dementia/Alzheimer's	161	(8)
Self-Help Books	163	(1)
Autobiographies	164	(1)
Movies	165	(1)
Internet Resources	165	(2)
National Support Groups	167	(2)
Divorce	169	(11)
Self-Help Books	169	(5)
Movies	174	(2)
Internet Resources	176	(3)
National Support Groups	179	(1)
Eating Disorders	180	(10)
Self-Help Books	180	(5)
Autobiographies	185	(1)
Movies	185	(1)
Internet Resources	186	(3)
National Support Groups	189	(1)
Families and Stepfamilies	190	(12)
Self-Help Books	190	(6)
Movies	196	(2)
Internet Resources	198	(3)
National Support Groups	201	(1)
Love and Intimacy	202	(10)
Self-Help Books	202	(6)
Movies	208	(1)
Internet Resources	209	(3)
Marriage	212	(8)
Self-Help Books	212	(4)
Internet Resources	216	(3)
National Support Groups	219	(1)
Men's Issues	220	(11)
Self-Help Books	222	(3)
Movies	225	(1)
Internet Resources	226	(3)
National Support Groups	229	(2)
Mood Disorders	231	(19)
Self-Help Books	233	(5)
Autobiographies	238	(3)
Movies	241	(1)
Internet Resources	241	(8)
National Support Groups	249	(1)
Pregnancy	250	(10)
Self-Help Books	250	(4)
Movies	254	(1)
Internet Resources	254	(5)
National Support Groups	259	(1)
Schizophrenia	260	(10)
Self-Help Books	262	(1)
Autobiographies	263	(2)
Movies	265	(1)
Internet Resources	266	(3)
National Support Groups	269	(1)
Self-Management and Self-Enhancement	270	(12)
Self-Help Books	270	(10)
Internet Resources	280	(2)
Sexuality	282	(14)
Self-Help Books	282	(6)
Movies	288	(1)
Internet Resources	289	(5)
National Support Groups	294	(2)
Spiritual and Existential Concerns	296	(7)
Self-Help Books	296	(5)
Internet Resources	301	(2)
Stress Management and Relaxation	303	(7)
Self-Help Books	304	(4)
Internet Resources	308	(2)
Teenagers and Parenting	310	(12)
Self-Help Books	312	(4)
Movies	316	(2)
Internet Resources	318	(3)
National Support Groups	321	(1)
Weight Management	322	(8)
Self-Help Books	322	(4)
Autobiographies	326	(1)
Internet Resources	327	(1)
National Support Groups	328	(2)
Women's Issues	330	(13)
Self-Help Books	332	(4)
Autobiographies	336	(1)
Movies	337	(1)
Internet Resources	338	(4)
National Support Groups	342	(1)
Strategies for Selecting Self-Help Resources	343	(6)
Appendix A. The Five National Studies	349	(5)
Appendix B. Ratings of Self-Help Books in the National Studies	354	(13)
Appendix C. Ratings of Autobiographies in the National Studies	367	(3)
Appendix D. Ratings of Movies in the National Studies	370	(5)
References	375	(2)
Author and Title Index	377	(14)
Subject Index	391

Excerpts

Chapter One

Introduction to Self-Help

in Mental Health

You have probably heard about or read one or more of the following self-help books:

Feeling Good by David Burns

What Color Is Your Parachute? by Robert Bolles

Dianetics by L. Ron Hubbard

Infants and Mothers by T. Berry Brazelton

The Courage to Heal by Ellen Bass and Laura Davis

Ageless Body, Timeless Mind by Deepak Chopra

The Dance of Anger by Harriet Lerner

When Bad Things Happen to Good People by Harold Kushner

Reclaiming the Inner Child by Jeremiah Adams

Your Perfect Right by Robert Alberti and Michael Emmons

The Silent Passage by Gail Sheehy

Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus by John Gray

Listening to Prozac by Peter D. Kramer

Winning through Intimidation by Robert Ringer

You Just Don't Understand by Deborah Tannen

Don't Sweat the Small Stuff ... and It's All Small Stuff by Richard Carlson

How to Win Friends and Influence People by Dale Carnegie

The Power of Positive Thinking by Norman Vincent Peale

The Battered Woman by Lenore Walker

Emotional Intelligence by Daniel Goleman

Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution by Robert C. Atkins

The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People by Steven Covey

You have probably also seen several of the following movies on family relationships and mental health topics:

The Color Purple

The Prince of Tides

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof

Days of Wine and Roses

The War of the Roses

As Good as It Gets

9 1/2 Weeks

Good Will Hunting

Ordinary People

What about Bob?

Rain Man

When Harry Met Sally

Field of Dreams

Shine

Dead Poets Society

The Piano

    Each of these books has been at or near the top of national best-seller lists, and each of the movies has been seen by millions of people. Are they good self-help books and movies? That is, do they provide accurate information? Do they help individuals cope effectively with problems? The consensus of mental health experts in the United States is that one-third of these self-help books and movies are not effective self-help resources; even though they were best-sellers and top-grossing films, most mental health experts view them negatively. The other two-thirds of the books and movies on this list are excellent self-help materials. In this book, we tell which are the good ones, which are the bad ones, and why.

SELF-HELP RESOURCES

Self-help materials have become an indispensable source of psychological advice for millions of Americans. Whether we want to improve our marital lives, control our anger, gain self-fulfillment, overcome depression, become better parents, lose weight, solve sexual problems, cope with stress, recover from addictions, or tackle another problem, there is a self-help book.

    Our preoccupation with self-improvement is nothing new; it's been around since the Bible. Although not exactly known as a self-help book author, Benjamin Franklin dispensed self-improvement advice in Poor Richard's Almanac : "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." In the 19th century, homemakers read Married Lady's Companion for help in managing their houses and families. In the 1930s, Dale Carnegie's How to Win Friends and Influence People made him the aspiring businessman's guru. And the 1950s brought us Maxwell Malty's Psychocybernetics and dozens of marriage manuals.

    Interest in understanding the human psyche and how to improve it heated up in the 1960s and 1970s and was accompanied by a glut of self-help books. I'm OK, You're OK and Your Erroneous Zones were read by millions of Americans and made fortunes for their authors. They turned out to be only the tip of the iceberg.

    The advent of popular films, the information revolution, and the ascendancy of the Internet have given rise to a dizzying diversity of self-help resources. Millions routinely go to the movies, surf the net, and attend self-help groups for edification and assistance. This book is designed to guide you through this morass of self-help information--and misinformation--by providing quality ratings and brief descriptions of five types of self-help materials: self-help books, autobiographies, movies, Internet sites, and self-help/support groups.

1. Self-Help Books

The self-help book market has yielded an overwhelming, bewildering array of choices. Self-help books appear at the rate of about 2,000 a year (Rosen, 1993), and they routinely occupy prominent places on best-seller lists. Books are written on every conceivable topic, as the following list of titles vividly demonstrates:

Dance Naked in Your Living Room

How to Juggle Women Without Getting Killed or Going Broke

I Lost 600 Pounds: I Can Sure Help You Lose 30

Change Your Underwear, Change Your Life

Dated Jekyll, Married Hyde

Boldly Live as You Have Never Lived Before: Life Lessons from Star Trek

The Fairy Godmother's Guide to Dating and Mating

Celestial 911--Call with Your Right Brain for Answers

Don't Bite the Apple 'til You Check for Worms

    The soaring volume of self-help books makes the question of quality--which one will work?--increasingly urgent. More than 95% of self-help books are published without any research documenting their effectiveness (Rosen, 1987, 1993). We hope that they will work, but we do not have any systematic evidence to indicate that they do.

    So how do people select self-help books? Until this book--the Authoritative Guide to Self-Help Resources in Mental Health --people have largely relied on the opinions of friends, their minister, their doctor, their therapist, guest authors on talk shows, a salesperson at a bookstore, or the promotional information on the book's cover. But even personal contact with professionals, such as physicians and psychologists, provides limited information about which book to purchase. Self-help books have been published at such an astonishing pace that even the well-intentioned professional has difficulty keeping up with them. The professional may be well-informed about books in one or two areas, such as depression or anxiety, but may know little about books in other areas, such as eating disorders, women's issues, relaxation, and parenting.

    Some self-help books have been written by professionals who have masterful insights about who we are, what we are about, and how we can improve our lives. Others, to put it mildly, leave a lot to be desired. As a concerned psychologist lamented, "Many self-help books are not worth the paper they are printed on." With literally thousands of books on the market, we wanted to know what the leading psychologists in the United States think are the best and the worst self-help books.

    After all, restaurant critics inform us which restaurants are superb and which ones to avoid; automobile guides educate us about the gems and the lemons; and consumer magazines dispense advice on which refrigerators, computers, televisions, and VCRs to buy. Considering the immense number of self-help books, a guide to them based on professional judgments by mental health experts is badly needed. This book is that guide.

    The good news from research is that self-help programs can be quite effective. Several reviews of the literature have determined that the effectiveness of self-help program substantially exceeds that of no treatment (Kurtzweil, Scogin, & Rosen, 1996; Scogin, Bynum, Stephens, & Calhoon, 1990). For example, in one analysis of the effectiveness of 40 self-help studies, effect sizes for self-help were nearly as large as for therapist-assisted treatments (Gould & Clum, 1993). Fears, depression, headaches, and sleep disturbances were especially amenable to self-help approaches.

    Similarly, bibliotherapy --a fancy way of saying using self-help books--has been shown to be valuable for many, but not all, adults. In one thorough review (Marrs, 1995), bibliotherapy was as effective as therapist-administered treatments. Comparable findings have been reported for the effectiveness of self-help books with specific disorders, such as sexual dysfunctions (van Lankveld, 1998), depression (Cuijpers, 1997), anxiety disorders (Weekes, 1996), alcohol problems (Watson & Sher, 1998), and geriatric depression (Scogin, Hamblin, & Beutler, 1987; Scogin, 1998).

    Self-help books come in many guises. In this book, we do not evaluate books that are primarily religious in nature or medical in content. Books that focus on physical health and disease, be it AIDS, cancer, or heart disease, were not included. Our target is self-help books on mental health topics.

    In Study 1, we asked mental health professionals to rate more than 350 self-help books. We chose these books by examining the shelves of major national bookstore chains, by perusing the wares of large Internet book dealers (Amazon.com, bn.com), by discussing self-help books with psychologists, by consulting the best-seller lists, and by reading numerous books and articles about self-help books. In Study 2 and Study 3, mental health professionals rated an additional 250 self-help books--a few that were missed in Study 1, but mostly books that were published after Study 1 was completed.

2. Autobiographies

Autobiographies provide an inside view of people facing life's problems, drawing on the human capacity for self-description and self analysis. In this way, memoirs complement research and case studies performed from the outside looking in. Written in the person's own words, an autobiography emphasizes issues that the writer, as distinct from a therapist or researcher, considers important. It describes a disorder in its family and environmental context. Such books are interesting to read as narratives with a strong story line.

    Autobiographical authors and their credentials vary tremendously. Some authors are celebrities, already the subject of public interest; others are writers, poets, and artists capable of portraying their inner worlds in words, songs, and drawings. Many accounts are written by ordinary people whose first contact with publishing is writing about their disorder. Some earlier accounts have become classics in mental health education; other books by Kay Jamison ( An Unquiet Mind ), William Styron ( Darkness Visible ), and Mark Vonnegut ( The Eden Express ) are likely to become future classics. Several autobiographies have been made into major films, bringing them to a wide public audience. The books have been used in training mental health professionals and as part of therapy for mental health consumers.

    Autobiographies cover virtually all diagnostic categories. There have also been at least 100 published bibliographies and book-length anthologies of first-person accounts of mental disorder (Sommer, Clifford, & Norcross, 1998).

    The autobiographies listed and evaluated in this book were selected specifically for their availability. Our earlier research articles on autobiographies contained many historical accounts, often very difficult to obtain. In this resource, we looked for first-person accounts still in print that covered mental health problems and life challenges. We visited bookstores and checked electronic booksellers to make sure that the book was still available. The date listed is that of the most recent edition, often in paperback. Even so, it is likely that some books will no longer be available by the time this book is published. However, it is likely that an out-of-print title can be obtained on the used book market.

    An autobiographical account presents a personal view of the disorder and its treatment. When an author says that a mood disorder was relieved by Prozac or blames a family member or therapist for some transgression, this represents the person's view of the situation. Most of the books listed were written by the person with the disorder, but occasionally there is a book by a family member, which provides another perspective on the disorder and the treatment.

    The self-help industry is virtually unregulated. The people with the most influence on which autobiographies are published and marketed are the publishers, the owners of large bookstore chains, and a hodgepodge of authors with a vast range of credentials, knowledge, and competencies. We hope our studies and this book help put a corrective influence in the hands of informed, experienced mental health professionals whose competencies are superior to those of the merchandisers.

3. Movies

Watching popular movies toward therapeutic ends--call it videotherapy --extends reading self-help books and autobiographies. They have similar aims, but movies typically differ from books in using fiction, rather than nonfiction, and in using the film medium, rather than print.

    Films are a powerful and pervasive part of our culture. The widespread availability of movie theaters, VCRs, and videotapes allows most Americans ready access to movies. Gallup polls indicate that watching movies at home and in theaters are amongst adults' favorite pastimes (along with reading, watching television, and participating in family activities). Domestic box office revenues top, according to Variety , a staggering $12 billion for the 100 top-performing movies. And movies frequently touch us emotionally more than book. Psychologist Ken Gergen (1991) opines that the movies have become one of the most influential rhetorical devices in the world; "Films can catapult us rapidly and effectively into states of fear, anger, sadness, romance, lust, and aesthetic ecstasy--often within the same two-hour period. It is undoubtedly true that for many people film relationships provide the most emotionally wrenching experiences of the average week" (pp. 56-57).

    Movies possess a number of advantages over books and computers. Films are fun to watch, require only a small investment of time, appeal to more people than reading, and are already part of many clients' usual routines (Hesley & Hesley, 1998). Instead of spending days or weeks reading books, people get the thrust in a few hours. As a result, clients may be more compliant with recommendations for movies, which are more accessible, fun, and familiar.

    We are not the first to recommend specific movies to enhance self-help, but we may well be the most systematic. Several mental health professionals have penned fine compilations of popular movies to use in understanding psychopathology (Wedding & Boyd, 1999), to use in psychotherapy (Hesley & Hesley, 1998), to help with life's problems (Solomon, 1995), and to illustrate how psychiatry is depicted in the American cinema (Gabbard & Gabbard, 1999). But all of their books essentially present one or two individual opinions. By contrast, in this book we present the consensus of hundreds of mental health experts.

    In preparation for Study 5, we compiled a large list of healing films by reviewing movie books (including those listed above), tracking the top-grossing films from the past decade, and throwing in some of our personal favorites. We also used the excellent Internet Movie Database (http://www.imdb.com) and Amazon.com to search for reviews. We then conducted a small pilot study of 25 colleagues to identify movies that a sizable proportion had actually seen. The result was a list of popular, commercially available films that have played in theaters or, in a few cases, only on television. These were then evaluated by hundreds of psychologists.

    The movies portray healing stories. The best of them typically increase awareness about a disorder or treatment; As Good as It Gets comes immediately to mind for its accurate and humorous depiction of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The best also show flawed, yet effective role models struggling realistically with problems and ultimately resolving them; two cases in point are The Color Purple about overcoming childhood abuse and On Golden Pond about accepting the ravages of aging and healing family rifts. The favorably rated movies typically generate hope and inspiration and perhaps give a new perspective on ourselves and our relationships.

    As with all of the self-help resources in this book, using movies requires certain warnings and preparation. Viewers are asked to suspend belief and to enter a fantasy world, but not to overidentify or overgeneralize from a single cinematic episode. The young and the squeamish should be directed away from stark, frightening portrayals. People suffering from debilitating psychiatric disorders should be forewarned of possible negative consequences of dramatic films, and those who recently suffered from trauma depicted in films should be careful not to be retraumatized by the experience.

4. Internet Resources

The Internet has opened a whole new world for people seeking information and advice. There are online sites for every aspect of human life and type of psychological suffering. Researchers estimate that half of all Internet users have already sought health care information there.

    But which sites and which information should be trusted? Internet sites are unregulated, and their quality varies extensively. Early studies suggest that the quality of mental health sites is not impressive; almost half were judged to be inadequate in terms of accuracy and practicality of information (DiBlassio et al., 1999). Gleaning trustworthy information on the Internet is like taking a 2-year-old on a walk: The toddler picks up a few pretty pebbles, but also lots of garbage and dirt (Skow, 1999) Professionals may know when a beguiling irrelevancy can be dismissed with a click of the mouse, but the average person rarely does. And any single search engine indexes no more than 16% of the public web, according to a recent study published in Nature (Lawrence & Giles, 1999).

    For this book, Dr. Edward Zuckerman visited approximately 3,000 Internet sites that seemed to be related to the topics covered in this book and might provide assistance to people struggling with mental health problems and life challenges. He chose the 500 or so listed sites on the belief that they would assist people--with or without psychotherapy--by fulfilling two major functions. First, these Internet sites would support the person or client with evidence that they are not alone, that others have overcome similar difficulties, and that much is known about their conditions. Second, the online resources would provide education for patients or parents concerning symptoms and diagnoses, the logic and methods of treatment, and other aspects of treatment.

    In using these Internet resources, psychotherapists will have to explore ways to incorporate the materials. Some could be assigned as homework to save time, increase accuracy and completeness of education, enhance adherence and motivation, decrease dropouts and resistance, and provide instruction in the self-administration of some techniques. Online materials could empower people and raise their self-confidence, encourage socializing, enhance lifestyle changes, maintain changes after treatment, reduce the number of sessions, reinforce points or strategies of a session, and the like. A mental health professional should always read the materials because their contents may frighten rather than educate some clients, may conflict with a particular treatment plan, or may have changed.

    You should assume that all materials on the net are copyrighted. If you find them of value, someone worked hard to make them valuable, and that Person deserves your respect. Generally, for multiple copies, educational uses, or commercial distribution, you must get permission from the copyright holder. Therefore, obtain permission to use any of these materials with your patients unless they are specifically indicated as available for reprinting. You must include the copyright holder's information when you reproduce any materials.

    There are literally thousands of chat rooms, bulletin boards, and other forms of support for clients to participate in. Many sites offer materials that are simply readings, much like a handout or pamphlet. Many of the better ones are in the form of FAQs (frequently asked questions and their answers). A few sites offer questionnaires that are scored and interpreted online. There are almost no interactive therapeutic activities available.

    In selecting sites, we included those that provide people with information, explanations, and introductions to treatments beyond what the clinician could easily supply and that would not compete with or distract the client from the processes of therapy. The material had to be current; we estimate that more than 90% of the sites listed here were written in the last 3 years. All sites were visited as the book was being published and were working at that time. However, the Internet is a famously fluid place, so you might want to visit a site before recommending it.

(Continues...)

Excerpted from Authoritative Guide to Self-Help Resources in Mental Health by John C. Norcross, PhD John W. Santrock, PhD Linda F. Campbell, PhD Thomas P. Smith, PsyD Robert Sommer, PhD Edward L. Zuckerman, PhD. Copyright © 2001 by A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc.. Excerpted by permission. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.