Autonomous Systems and Intelligent Agents in Power System Control and Operation

by Rehtanz, Christian

• ISBN13: 9783540402022
• ISBN10: 3540402020
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-12-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Autonomous systems are one of the most important trends for the next generation of control systems. This book is the first to transfer autonomous systems concepts and intelligent agents theory into the control and operation environment of power systems. The focus of this book is to design a future control system architecture for electrical power systems, which copes with the changed requirements concerning complexity and flexibility and includes several applications for power systems. This book draws the whole circle from the theoretical and IT-concept of autonomous systems for power system control over the required knowledge-based methods and their capabilities to concrete applications within this field. TOC:Autonomous Control System Architecture.- Implementation of Autonomous Systems.- Computational Intelligence and Agent Technologies for Autonomous Systems.- Multi-Agent Negotiation Models for Power System Applications.- A Multi-Agent Approach to Power System Disturbance Diagnosis.- A Multi-agent Approach to Power System Restoration.- Agent Technology Applied to the Protection of Power Systems.- Dynamic Output Compensation between Selected Channels in Power Systems.- Development of a Coordinating Autonomous FACTS Control System.- Multi-Agent Coordination for Secondary Voltage Control.- Agent Based Power System Visualization.- New Applications of Multi-Agent System Technologies to Power.- Operation of Quality Control Center Based on Multi-Agent.

Table of Contents

1 Autonomous Control System Architecture	1	(16)
1.1 Fundamental Aspects of Autonomous Systems	1	(2)
1.2 Functional Architecture of Autonomous Components	3	(7)
1.2.1 Execution Layer	5	(1)
1.2.2 Coordination Layer	6	(2)
1.2.3 Management and Organization Layer	8	(1)
1.2.4 Information Base	9	(1)
1.3 Structures of Autonomous Systems	10	(2)
1.4 Autonomous Systems in Electrical Power Systems	12	(3)
1.4.1 Operational Architecture	12	(2)
1.4.2 Characteristics of Autonomous Systems	14	(1)
References	15	(2)
2 Implementation of Autonomous Systems	17	(18)
2.1 Requirements for the Implementation Architecture	17	(2)
2.2 Communication Technology	19	(5)
2.2.1 Topology	20	(1)
2.2.2 Protocols	21	(3)
2.3 Standard Data Models	24	(4)
2.3.1 Substation	25	(1)
2.3.2 Network Control Center	25	(1)
2.3.3 Electrical Utility Enterprise	26	(1)
2.3.4 Summary	27	(1)
2.4 Information-Base of Autonomous Systems	28	(1)
2.5 IT Security Considerations	29	(3)
2.6 Conclusions	32	(1)
References	33	(2)
3 Computational Intelligence and Agent Technologies for Autonomous Systems	35	(14)
3.1 Intelligence in Autonomous Systems and Agents	35	(1)
3.2 Kinds of Knowledge and Cognitive Modeling	36	(1)
3.3 Methods of Computational Intelligence	37	(6)
3.3.1 Basic Methods	37	(4)
3.3.2 Extended and Alternative Methods	41	(2)
3.4 Agent Technologies	43	(3)
3.4.1 Communication	43	(1)
3.4.2 Coordination	44	(2)
References	46	(3)
4 Multi-Agent Negotiation Models for Power System Applications	49	(26)
4.1 Introduction	49	(3)
4.2 Negotiation Theory and Agents: A Review	52	(6)
4.2.1 Basics of Negotiation Theory	52	(4)
4.2.2 Computer-Based Negotiation Systems	56	(2)
4.3 A Multi-Agent Negotiation System	58	(9)
4.3.1 MAS Implementation	59	(1)
4.3.2 Negotiation Protocol	60	(4)
4.3.3 Embedding Agents with Social Rationality	64	(3)
4.4 Illustrations	67	(5)
4.4.1 Security-Related Decision-Making	67	(1)
4.4.2 Maintenance Scheduling	68	(4)
4.5 Conclusions	72	(1)
References	72	(3)
5 A Multi-Agent Approach to Power System Disturbance Diagnosis	75	(26)
5.1 Introduction	75	(1)
5.2 Protection Engineering Decision Support	76	(2)
5.2.1 The Post-fault Analysis Process of Protection Engineers	76	(2)
5.2.2 Technical Requirements for the Decision Support Functions	78	(1)
5.3 Designing the PEDA Multi-Agent System	78	(10)
5.3.1 Requirements Capture and Knowledge Capture	79	(1)
5.3.2 Task Decomposition	80	(2)
5.3.3 Ontology Design	82	(2)
5.3.4 Agent Modeling	84	(2)
5.3.5 Agent Interactions Modeling	86	(1)
5.3.6 Agent Behavior	87	(1)
5.4 Core Functionality of the Agents within PEDA	88	(6)
5.4.1 Incident and Event Identification (IEI) Agent	88	(2)
5.4.2 Fault Record Retrieval (FRR)	90	(2)
5.4.3 Fault Record Interpretation (FRI)	92	(1)
5.4.4 Protection Validation and Diagnosis (PVD)	93	(1)
5.5 Case Study of PEDA Operation	94	(5)
5.5.1 PEDA Initialisation	96	(1)
5.5.2 Disturbance Diagnosis Process	97	(2)
5.6 Conclusions	99	(1)
References	99	(2)
6 A Multi-agent Approach to Power System Restoration	101	(14)
6.1 Power System Restoration Methods	101	(2)
6.2 Power System Restoration Model	103	(1)
6.3 Multi-agent Power System Restoration Architecture	103	(5)
6.3.1 Bus Agents	104	(1)
6.3.2 Facilitator Agent	105	(1)
6.3.3 Negotiation Process between Bus Agents	105	(3)
6.4 Simulation Results	108	(4)
6.4.1 Simulation Conditions	108	(1)
6.4.2 Simulation Results	108	(4)
6.5 Conclusions	112	(1)
References	113	(2)
7 Agent Technology Applied to the Protection of Power Systems	115	(40)
7.1 Introduction	115	(1)
7.2 Agent Technology in Power System Protection	116	(2)
7.2.1 Definition	116	(1)
7.2.2 Agent Architecture	117	(1)
7.3 The Structure of a Utility Communication Network	118	(1)
7.4 Developments of EPOCHS	119	(3)
7.4.1 Overview	119	(1)
7.4.2 Related Work	120	(1)
7.4.3 EPOCHS Simulation Description	121	(1)
7.5 Simulation Architecture	122	(7)
7.5.1 The Run-Time Infrastructure	123	(1)
7.5.2 Electrical Component Subsystem	124	(1)
7.5.3 The Network Communication Component	124	(2)
7.5.4 The AgentHQ Subsystem	126	(2)
7.5.5 Implementation and Optimization	128	(1)
7.5.6 Simulation Scripts	128	(1)
7.5.7 Summary	129	(1)
7.6 Backup Protection Systems for Transmission Networks	129	(7)
7.6.1 Overview	129	(1)
7.6.2 The Architecture of the Agent Relay	130	(1)
7.6.3 The Strategy Employed by the Agent-Based Backup Protection System	131	(2)
7.6.4 Simulation results	133	(3)
7.6.5 Summary	136	(1)
7.7 An Agent Based Current Differential Relay for Transmission Lines	136	(6)
7.7.1 Overview	136	(1)
7.7.2 Related Work	137	(1)
7.7.3 The Differential Protection Agent Architecture	137	(2)
7.7.4 Simulation Results Using EPOCHS	139	(2)
7.7.5 Summary	141	(1)
7.8 Special Protection Systems	142	(10)
7.8.1 Overview	142	(1)
7.8.2 Algorithms for Frequency Stability Control	143	(3)
7.8.3 The System Studied and Agent-Based SPS Scheme	146	(2)
7.8.4 Simulation Results	148	(1)
7.8.5 Summary	149	(3)
7.9 Conclusions	152	(1)
References	153	(2)
8 Dynamic Output Compensation between Selected Channels in Power Systems	155	(24)
8.1 Introduction	155	(2)
8.2 Framework	157	(1)
8.3 SPS Agents	158	(4)
8.3.1 Principles	158	(4)
8.3.2 Example	162	(1)
8.4 Damping Agents	162	(12)
8.4.1 Linear System Model as a Connection of Agents	165	(2)
8.4.2 Model Building	167	(1)
8.4.3 Controller Building	167	(3)
8.4.4 Example	170	(4)
8.5 Coordination Agents	174	(3)
8.5 Conclusions	177	(1)
References	178	(1)
9 Development of a Coordinating Autonomous FACTS Control System	179	(26)
9.1 Introduction	179	(2)
9.2 Flexible AC Transmission Systems - FACTS	181	(3)
9.2.1 Features	181	(1)
9.2.2 Structure	182	(1)
9.2.3 Modeling and Control	182	(2)
9.3 Need of Coordination	184	(3)
9.4 Theory of Autonomous Control Systems	187	(2)
9.5 Synthesis of the Autonomous Control System for FACTS	189	(8)
9.5.1 Bay Control Level	189	(3)
9.5.2 Substation and Network Control Level	192	(3)
9.5.3 Preventive Coordination	195	(2)
9.6 Verification	197	(4)
9.6.1 Failure of a Transmission Line	198	(2)
9.6.2 Increase of the Load	200	(1)
9.7 Conclusions	201	(1)
References	202	(3)
10 Multi-Agent Coordination for Secondary Voltage Control	205	(24)
10.1 Introduction	205	(2)
10.2 Multi-Agent Voltage Management - Feasibility Study	207	(9)
10.2.1 Necessity of the Secondary Voltage Control in Power System Contingencies	207	(4)
10.2.2 Multi-Agent Collaboration to Eliminate Voltage Violations	211	(5)
10.3 Multi-Agent Voltage Management - Collaboration Protocol	216	(10)
10.3.1 Collaboration Protocol	216	(5)
10.3.2. Test Results by Simulation	221	(5)
References	226	(3)
11 Agent Based Power System Visualization	229	(18)
11.1 Actual Problems in Power System Visualization	229	(1)
11.2 Decision Supporting Human-Machine Interface	230	(6)
11.2.1 Causality as the Natural Principle for Visualization	231	(1)
11.2.2 Hierarchically Structured Information Provision	232	(2)
11.2.3 Global System View and Problem Specific Detail View	234	(2)
11.3 Implementation as Intelligent Agents	236	(2)
11.4 Verification	238	(7)
11.4.1 User-Machine Interaction	239	(3)
11.4.2 Implementation as Multi-Agent System	242	(3)
11.5 Conclusions	245	(1)
References	245	(2)
12 New Applications of Multi-Agent System Technologies to Power Systems	247	(32)
12.1 Multi-Agent System Technologies	247	(2)
12.2 Strategic Power Infrastructure Defense System	249	(3)
12.2.1 SPID System Framework	249	(1)
12.2.2 Definitions and Roles of SPID System Agents	250	(2)
12.3 Controlled Islanding Agent of SPID System	252	(7)
12.3.1 Controlled Islanding of Power Systems	252	(1)
12.3.2 Context of SPID System Agents Interactions	253	(1)
12.3.3 Controlled Islanding Agent	254	(2)
12.3.4 Controlled Islanding Criteria	256	(1)
12.3.5 A Controlled Islanding Algorithm	256	(3)
12.4 An Application to MicroGrid Control and Operation	259	(16)
12.4.1 What is MicroGrid	259	(1)
12.4.2 MicroGrid Design	260	(2)
12.4.3 MicroGrid Agent (MGA)	262	(3)
12.4.4 MicroGrid Control	265	(4)
12.4.5 MicroGrid Operation Issue	269	(1)
12.4.6 An Example for Oscillation Restriction	270	(5)
12.5 Conclusions	275	(1)
References	276	(3)
13 Operation of Quality Control Center Based on Multi-Agent Technology	279	(24)
13.1 Introduction	279	(1)
13.2 Multi-Agent and FRIENDS	280	(1)
13.3 Agent Models	281	(2)
13.3.1 Model of Quality Control Center	281	(1)
13.3.2 Model of Distribution Substation	282	(1)
13.3.3 Information Measured	282	(1)
13.3.4 Communication between Agents	283	(1)
13.4 Emergency Operation of Distribution Systems	283	(7)
13.4.1 Operational Policies	283	(1)
13.4.2 Proposed Algorithm	284	(3)
13.4.3 Simulation Results	287	(3)
13.5 Voltage Regulation of Distribution Systems in FRIENDS	290	(10)
13.5.1 Autonomous Voltage and Reactive Power Control in FRIENDS	291	(4)
13.5.2 Reconfiguration of QCC Network Topology in FRIENDS	295	(3)
13.5.3 Evaluation of the Performance of the Voltage Regulation	298	(2)
13.6 Conclusion	300	(1)
References	301	(2)
Index	303