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| Preface | |
| Acknowledgments | |
| Introduction | |
| Purpose | |
| Exclusive | |
| Units | |
| Organization of the Book | |
| Fundamentals of Static Electricity | |
| What is Static Electricity | |
| Charge Separation | |
| Magnitude of Current and Potential | |
| Concentration of Charged Species | |
| Importance of Trace Contaminants | |
| Hazard Evaluation | |
| Statistics | |
| Charge Generation | |
| Induction Charging | |
| Ionic Charging | |
| Charge Dissipation | |
| Variability of Conductivity | |
| Charge Accumulation | |
| Ignition | |
| Effective Energy | |
| Static Discharges | |
| Corona Discharge | |
| Brush Discharge | |
| Bulking Brush Discharge | |
| Spark Discharge | |
| Propagating Brush Discharge (PBD) | |
| Surface Streamer | |
| Personnel Spark and Shock Hazards | |
| Body Capacitance and Resistance | |
| Voltage (V) and Energy (W) Attained | |
| Human Shock Response | |
| Evaluating the Hazard of Static Electricity | |
| General | |
| Hazard Identification Methods | |
| Decision Trees | |
| Charge Accumulation | |
| Conductive Objects | |
| Nonconductive Objects | |
| Energy Estimates | |
| Charge Sharing | |
| Instrumentation | |
| Charge | |
| Electric Field | |
| Potential | |
| Ignition Energy | |
| Conductivity of Liquids | |
| Resistivity of Solids | |
| Resistance | |
| Direct Observation of Discharges | |
| Radio Frequency Detection of Discharges | |
| Measuring the Effective Energy of Nonspark Discharges | |
| Gas Composition | |
| Controlling Electrostatic Hazards | |
| Bonding and Grounding | |
| Definitions | |
| Purpose of Bonding and Grounding | |
| Resistance to Ground | |
| Bonding and Grounding Systems | |
| Ground Rods | |
| Grounding and Cathodic Protection | |
| Control of Charge Relaxation | |
| Increase of Conductivity | |
| Charge Neutralizers | |
| Control of Personnel Charging | |
| Personnel Grounding | |
| Clothing | |
| Gloves | |
| Control of Flammable Atmospheres | |
| Liquid Nitrogen/Liquid Air Hazards | |
| Flammable Liquids, Vapors, and Gases | |
| Ignition Hazards of Liquid Vapor and Mist | |
| Flammable Liquid | |
| Flammable Limits | |
| Liquid Mist | |
| Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) | |
| Explosion Prevention Systems | |
| Generation and Relaxation (Loss) of Charge in Liquid Systems | |
| Charge Generation | |
| Charge Density | |
| Factors Influencing Charge Generation | |
| Charge Relaxation | |
| Classification of Liquids based on Conductivity | |
| Antistatic Additives | |
| Bonding and Grounding | |
| Flow in Pipe, Hose, and Tubing | |
| Metallic Piping Systems | |
| Nonconductive Pipe and Linings | |
| Flexible Hoses | |
| Dip Pipes | |
| Filters and Relaxation Tanks | |
| Suspended Material | |
| Valves and Other Line Restrictions | |
| Filling Criteria for Tank Operations | |
| Storage Tanks | |
| Road Tankers | |
| Rail Cars | |
| Liquid Phase Mixers, Blenders, and Reactors | |
| Liquid-Solid Mixers, Blenders and Reactors | |
| Vacuum Trucks | |
| Plastic Tanks | |
| Sampling, Gauging, and Analysis | |
| Sample Container Cord | |
| Sampling | |
| Gauging | |
| Portable Flammable Gas Analyzers | |
| Tank Cleaning | |
| Water Washing | |
| Solvent Washing | |
| Steam Cleaning | |
| Acid Washing | |
| Grit Blasting | |
| Portable Tanks | |
| Metal Portable Tanks | |
| Plastic Portable Tanks | |
| Portable Containers Less Than 60 Gallons Capacity | |
| All-Steel Drums | |
| Plastic Lined Drums | |
| Plastic Drums | |
| Hand-Held Containers | |
| Wet-Dry Vacuum Cleaners | |
| Miscellaneous Flammable Atmospheres | |
| Clean Rooms | |
| Water and Steam Curtains | |
| Static Electrification in Gas Flow | |
| Ignition of Vented Gas | |
| Hazards of Plastic Sheet and Wrap | |
| Oxidant Enriched Atmospheres | |
| Elevated Temperature and Pressure | |
| Automotive and Marine | |
| Aerosol Spray Cans | |
| Cathode Ray Tube Video Display Screens | |
| Cleaning | |
| Screens in Hazardous Locations | |
| Static Dissipating Screen Overlays | |
| Powders and Solids | |
| Flammability of Dust Suspensions | |
| Flammable Limits | |
| Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) of Dust Suspensions | |
| Hybrid Mixtures | |
| Unstable or Energetic Powders | |
| Effect of Temperature on Ignition Energy | |
| Effect of Moisture on Ignition Energy | |
| Charging Mechanisms | |
| Charge Density | |
| Classification of Powders Based on Conductivity | |
| Pneumatic Conveying | |
| Charging in Pipeline Flow | |
| Special Grounding Cases | |
| Types of Static Discharge in Powder Systems | |
| Sparks | |
| Bulking Brush Discharges | |
| Propagating Brush Discharge | |
| General Operations | |
| Vacuum Trucks | |
| Bag Houses | |
| Manual Transfers from Portable Containers | |
| Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBCs) | |
| Powder Transfers in Air Atmospheres | |
| Powder Transfers from FIBCs to Flammable Liquids | |
| Conductive and Antistatic FIBCs | |
| Vacuum FIBC Transfers | |
| Explanatory Material | |
| Propagating Brush Discharge | |
| Resistance to Ground | |
| MIE of Liquid Mists | |
| Hyperbolic Relaxation | |
| Filtration | |
| Filling Criteria for Tank Operations | |
| Effect of Road Tires | |
| Potentials During Water Washing of Tanks | |
| Effect of Particle Size on Dust MIE | |
| Ignition Energy of Hybrid Mixtures | |
| Effect of Temperature on Powder MIE | |
| Data Tables | |
| Flammability Data for Gases and Vapors | |
| Typical Conductivities, Dielectric Constants and Relaxation (or Dissipation) Times of Liquids | |
| Typical Resistivities, Dielectric Constants, and Breakdown Strengths of Solid Dielectrics | |
| Formulas and Mathematical Relationships (SI UNITS) | |
| Principal Relationships | |
| Analysis: Grounded Sphere above Charged Nonconductive Disc | |
| References | |
| Glossary | |
| Index | |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
