Bacon to Kant : An Introduction to Modern Philosophy

by Thomson, Garrett

• ISBN13: 9781577662013
• ISBN10: 1577662016
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-07-01
• Publisher: Waveland Pr Inc

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Introduction	1	(1)
The Medieval Period	1	(4)
The Modern Period	5	(2)
An Historical Approach	7	(2)
Part One The Rationalists	9	(2)
Biography: Descartes (1596--1650)	11	(41)
Descartes: The Method of Doubt and the Cogito	14	(12)
Comments on the Three Stages	16	(1)
What Is Descartes' Method of Doubt?	17	(1)
Some Criticisms of Descartes' Skepticism	18	(2)
The Cogito as the End of Doubt	20	(1)
The Interpretation of the Cogito	21	(2)
A Famous Criticism of the Cogito	23	(1)
Conclusion	24	(2)
Descartes: God	26	(11)
The Classification of Ideas	27	(1)
The Idea of God	28	(1)
The First Proof of the Existence of God	29	(3)
The Second Argument for the Existence of God	32	(2)
The Cartesian Circle	34	(1)
False Belief	35	(1)
Summary	36	(1)
Descartes: Mind and Body	37	(15)
Thinking Substance	37	(2)
The Existence of Material Things	39	(1)
The Nature of Matter	39	(1)
Rationalism and Science	40	(1)
Primary and Secondary Qualities	41	(1)
The Real Distinction	42	(3)
The Nature of Descartes' Dualism	45	(2)
Some Criticisms of Dualism	47	(2)
The Causal Analysis of Mind	49	(1)
Materialism	50	(2)
Biography: Spinoza (1632-1677)	52	(28)
Spinoza: God and Substance	54	(11)
A Preliminary Overview	55	(2)
Spinoza's Proofs	57	(2)
A General Review	59	(1)
Finite Modes	60	(2)
Conclusion	62	(3)
Spinoza: The Nature of the Mind	65	(9)
God's Causality and Science	65	(1)
The Infinite and Eternal Modes	66	(2)
The Attributes	68	(1)
Extension and Thought	69	(1)
The Mind and the Body	69	(1)
The Mind as the Idea of the Body	70	(1)
All Things Have Souls	71	(1)
Materialism	71	(1)
No Ownership of Ideas	72	(1)
The Reality of Finite Minds	73	(1)
Spinoza: Theory of Knowledge	74	(6)
Kinds of Knowledge	74	(2)
Truth and Falsity	76	(1)
Determinism and Free Will	77	(3)
Biography: Leibniz (1646--1716)	80	(29)
Leibniz: Truth and Reason	83	(9)
Truth	84	(1)
Finite and Infinite analysis	84	(2)
Primitive Concepts	86	(1)
Substances and Complete Concepts	86	(1)
The Principle of Sufficient Reason	87	(1)
Contingent Truths and Existence	88	(1)
Contingency and God's Free Choice	89	(1)
Contingency and Sufficient Reason	90	(1)
The Principle of the Best	90	(2)
Leibniz: Monads	92	(9)
Relations	92	(2)
Substance	94	(1)
The Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles	94	(1)
Monads	95	(2)
Monads and Causality	97	(1)
Monads and Mirrors	98	(1)
Points of View	98	(1)
Pre-Established Harmony	99	(2)
Leibniz: God and Space	101	(8)
The Ontological Argument	101	(1)
The Cosmological Argument	102	(1)
The Argument from Pre-Established Harmony	103	(1)
Existence	104	(1)
Extension	104	(1)
Matter	105	(1)
Space and Time	106	(3)
Part One: Conclusion	109	(4)
Rationalism	109	(1)
Consequences of the Principle	110	(1)
Some Differences among Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz	110	(3)
Part Two The Empiricists	113	(3)
Biography: Francis Bacon (1561--1626)	116	(10)
Bacon: The Philosophy of Science	118	(8)
The Criticism of False Learning	118	(2)
The Idols of the Mind	120	(1)
The Classification of Knowledge	121	(1)
The New Method of Induction	122	(1)
Some Criticisms	123	(1)
The Theory of Forms	124	(2)
Biography: Thomas Hobbes (1588--1679)	126	(18)
Hobbes: Science and Nature	129	(8)
The Nature of Science	130	(1)
Cause and Explanation	130	(2)
Philosophy of Nature	132	(1)
Space and Time	133	(1)
Sensation	134	(1)
God	135	(2)
Hobbes: From Psychology to Politics	137	(7)
Motivation	137	(1)
Psychological Egoism	138	(1)
War and Conflict	139	(1)
Natural Rights and Law	140	(1)
The Covenant	141	(3)
Biography: John Locke (1632-1704)	144	(38)
Locke: Ideas and Qualities	147	(13)
The Role of Ideas	148	(1)
Innate Ideas	149	(1)
The Origin of Ideas	150	(1)
Simple and Complex Ideas	150	(1)
Primary and Secondary Qualities	151	(1)
Arguments for the Distinction	152	(1)
Some Famous Criticisms of the Resemblance Thesis	153	(2)
Locke's Theory of Perception	155	(1)
Representations and Skepticism	156	(2)
Representations and Qualities	158	(1)
Summary	158	(2)
Locke: The Formation of Complex Ideas	160	(10)
Modes	161	(1)
Substance in General	161	(1)
Substance and Empiricism	162	(1)
A Problem with the Notion of Pure Substratum	163	(1)
Relations: Causality	164	(1)
Identity and Diversity	165	(1)
Personal Identity	165	(1)
Locke's Rejection of Other Theories	166	(1)
Some Well-Known Criticisms of Locke	167	(1)
Conclusion	167	(3)
Locke: Language and Knowledge	170	(12)
Locke's Theory of Language	170	(1)
Some Popular Criticisms	171	(1)
General Words: A Problem	172	(1)
Another Problem: Classification	173	(1)
Real and Nominal Essence	174	(1)
Definition	175	(1)
Natural Kinds	175	(1)
Real Essence and Substance in General	176	(1)
Knowledge: Some Preliminaries	177	(1)
Locke and Descartes	178	(1)
The Agreement Between Our Ideas	178	(1)
Degrees of Knowledge	179	(1)
The Extent of Knowledge	180	(2)
Biography: George Berkeley (1685--1753)	182	(26)
Berkeley: The Denial of Matter	184	(14)
Abstract Ideas	184	(2)
Ideas of Sense	186	(1)
The Argument from Illusion	186	(2)
How Berkeley Uses This Argument	188	(1)
Another Argument	188	(1)
A Criticism of the Argument from Illusion	189	(1)
An Alternative View of Perception: Direct Realism	190	(2)
Primary and Secondary Qualities	192	(2)
Sensible Objects	194	(1)
External Objects	194	(1)
Material Substance	195	(1)
Conclusion	196	(2)
Berkeley: God and Minds	198	(10)
Answers to Some Objections	198	(1)
Common Sense	199	(1)
Unperceived Objects	200	(1)
A Causal Argument for God	201	(2)
Another Argument for God: Continuity	203	(1)
A Nonstandard Interpretation	204	(1)
The Spirit or Mind	204	(1)
Other Minds	205	(1)
Conclusion	206	(2)
Biography: David Hume (1711--1776)	208	(29)
Hume: Ideas and Impressions	211	(7)
Ideas and Impressions	213	(1)
Simple and Complex Perceptions	213	(2)
Association	215	(1)
Belief	216	(1)
Some Problems	216	(2)
Hume: Causation	218	(11)
Relations of Ideas and Matters of Fact	218	(1)
The Causal Relation	219	(1)
Universal Causal Axiom	220	(1)
The Idea of Cause	221	(1)
A Brief Overview	221	(1)
Particular Causal Inferences: Inductive Skepticism	222	(2)
The Need for Uniformity	224	(1)
The Five Strands	225	(1)
The Naturalistic Explanation	226	(1)
Matters of Fact and Relations Between Ideas	227	(2)
Hume: Material Bodies and Identity	229	(8)
The Senses and Reason	230	(1)
Imagination	231	(1)
Constancy and Coherence	231	(1)
Identity	232	(1)
Constancy	232	(1)
Mental Substance	233	(1)
Personal Identity	234	(1)
Some Problems	235	(2)
Part Two: Conclusion	237	(6)
Empiricism	237	(2)
Some Comparisons	239	(1)
Development	240	(3)
Part Three Kant	243	(3)
Kantian Starting Points	244	(2)
Biography: Immanuel Kant (1724--1804)	246	(49)
Kant: The Transcendental Aesthetic	249	(8)
Kant's Aims	249	(2)
Transcendental Idealism	251	(1)
The Transcendental Aesthetic	251	(1)
The Metaphysical Exposition of Space	252	(1)
The Argument from Geometry	253	(1)
Non-Euclidean Geometry	253	(1)
Time	254	(1)
Arithmetic	255	(1)
Conclusion	255	(2)
Kant: The Analytic of Concepts	257	(10)
Concepts	258	(1)
The Metaphysical Deduction	259	(1)
The Transcendental Deduction	260	(1)
The Transcendental Unity of Apperception	261	(1)
Objectivity and Experience	262	(2)
Noumenal Psychology	264	(1)
Conclusion	265	(2)
Kant: The Analytic of Principles	267	(13)
The Schematism	267	(2)
The First Analogy	269	(1)
Strawson's Alternative Interpretation	270	(1)
Another Argument	271	(1)
Substance	272	(1)
Causation	273	(1)
The Main Argument of the Second Analogy	273	(1)
Strawson's Objection	274	(1)
The Second Analogy	275	(1)
The Third Analogy	275	(1)
Refutation of Idealism	276	(1)
Transcendental Idealism	276	(1)
Phenomena and Noumena	277	(3)
Kant: The Transcendental Dialectic	280	(15)
Paralogisms	281	(1)
The First Paralogism: Substance	281	(1)
The Second and Third Paralogisms	282	(1)
The Antinomies	283	(1)
The First Antinomy: Time	284	(2)
The First Antinomy: Space	286	(1)
The Second Antinomy: Simples	287	(1)
The Third Antinomy: Freedom	287	(2)
The Fourth Antinomy: God	289	(2)
Conclusion	291	(4)
Suggested Reading	295	(4)
Notes	299	(4)
Glossary	303	(6)
Index	309