Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-syntactic Features

by Tomic, Olga Miseska

• ISBN13: 9781402044878
• ISBN10: 1402044879
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-10-30
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This book discusses the morpho-syntactic Balkan Sprachbund features in nine languages in which they are most numerous. It contains a wealth of Balkan linguistic material, collected from both the existing literature sources and from the author's own field work. Rather than making parallel lists of convergent phenomena, the author focuses on displaying similarities and differences in the representation of the most widely acknowledged Balkan Sprachbund morpho-syntactic features and their interaction with other features in the structure of the DP or the sentence of individual languages. The book stands at the intersection of traditional and formal linguistics. The use of a minimally technical terminology allows for a cross-framework accessibility of the data. The book will be of interest to researchers and students working in the fields of comparative linguistics and Macedonian, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Romanian, Megle-no-Romanian, Aromanian, Albanian, Modern Greek and Balkan Romani languages.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Less Common Alphabet Symbols	xvii
Abbreviations and Symbols	xix
Chapter One Introduction	1	(34)
1. The Balkan Sprachbund phenomenon	1	(2)
2. Which features count as Balkan Sprachbund features?	3	(24)
Sandfeld's concordances	3	(12)
Schaller's primary and secondary Balkanisms	15	(3)
Sotta's morphological, syntactic and "other" Balkanisms	18	(3)
Golab's typological similarities	21	(2)
Lindstedt's Balkanization index	23	(1)
Balkan Sprachbund features singled out in general linguistics books	24	(2)
Summing up	26	(1)
3. How did the Balkan Sprachbund features develop?	27	(2)
4. The Balkan Sprachbund features in this book	29	(6)
Chapter Two Ethno-Historical Considerations	35	(14)
1. The Balkan peninsula	35	(1)
2. Ethnic Balkans	35	(1)
3. Greek in retrospective	36	(2)
4. Origin of the Balkan Romance languages	38	(2)
5. Albanian and Illyrian	40	(2)
6. The Balkan Slavic languages	42	(3)
7. Balkan Romani	45	(1)
8 Turkey and Turkish on the Balkans	46	(3)
Chapter Three Cases and Articles	49	(190)
1. Macedonian	49	(37)
Vocative case forms	50	(2)
Accusative case forms	52	(3)
Articles	55	(8)
Personal pronouns	63	(9)
Possessive clitics and non-clitic pronominal possessive modifiers	72	(9)
Use of prepositions to express case relations	81	(5)
2. Bulgarian	86	(22)
Vocative case forms	86	(2)
Accusative case forms	88	(1)
Articles	88	(6)
Personal pronouns	94	(7)
Possessive clitics and non-clitic pronominal possessive modifiers	101	(5)
Use of prepositions to express case relations	106	(2)
3. Serbo-Croatian	108	(10)
Nominal suffixes	109	(1)
Adjectival suffixes	110	(1)
Personal pronouns	111	(7)
Use of prepositions to express case relations	118	(1)
4. The South-Eastern Serbian dialects	118	(7)
Nominal cases	119	(1)
Definite articles	120	(1)
Personal pronouns	121	(1)
Possessive clitics	122	(1)
Use of prepositions to express case relations	123	(2)
5. Romanian	125	(27)
Case and definiteness	125	(9)
Personal pronouns	134	(5)
Possessive pronominal modifiers	139	(1)
Agreement clitics	140	(3)
Possessive clitics	143	(4)
Use of prepositions to express case relations	147	(5)
6. Megleno-Romanian	152	(15)
Articles	153	(3)
Personal pronouns	156	(6)
Pronominal possessive modifiers	162	(2)
Possessive clitics	164	(1)
Use of prepositions to express case relations	165	(2)
7. Aromanian	167	(19)
Case and definiteness	167	(5)
Personal pronouns	172	(5)
Pronominal possessive modifiers	177	(1)
Possessive clitics	178	(2)
Use of prepositions to express case relations	180	(6)
8. Albanian	186	(17)
Case and definiteness	186	(4)
Agreement clitics	190	(4)
Personal pronouns	194	(5)
Pronominal possessive modifiers	199	(1)
Use of prepositions to express case relations	200	(3)
9. Modern Greek	203	(126)
Nominal declensions	203	(2)
Articles	205	(7)
Personal pronouns	212	(2)
Possessive clitics	214	(5)
Use of prepositions to express case relations	219	(3)
10. Arli Balkan Romani	222	(17)
Nominal declensions	223	(1)
Articles	224	(3)
Personal pronouns	227	(6)
Pronominal possessive modifiers	233	(2)
Prepositions and case relations	235	(4)
Chapter Four Clitic Clusters and Clitic Doubling	239	(94)
1. Macedonian	242	(17)
Macedonian clausal clitic system	242	(10)
Direct object clitic-doubling	252	(3)
Indirect-object clitic-doubling	255	(2)
Clitic-doubling of "wh" words	257	(2)
2. Bulgarian	259	(12)
Bulgarian clausal clitic system	260	(5)
Conditions for clitic-doubling of lexical nominals	265	(3)
Clitic-doubling of pronouns	268	(1)
Clitic-doubling of "wh" words	269	(2)
3. Serbo-Croatian	271	(8)
Serbo-Croatian clausal clitic system	271	(5)
Resumptive clitics	276	(1)
Clitic-doubling in the eastern periphery of the South-Eastern Serbian dialects	277	(2)
4. Romanian	279	(13)
Romanian clausal clitic system	279	(5)
Direct-object clitic-doubling	284	(3)
Indirect- object clitic-doubling	287	(1)
Clitic-doubling of "wh" words	288	(4)
5. Megleno-Romanian	292	(7)
Megleno-Romanian clausal clitic system	292	(3)
Direct-object clitic-doubling	295	(2)
Indirect-object clitic-doubling	297	(1)
Clitic-doubling of "wh" words	298	(1)
6. Aromanian	299	(8)
Aromanian clausal clitic system	300	(3)
Direct-object clitic-doubling	303	(1)
Indirect-object clitic-doubling	304	(1)
Clitic-doubling of "wh" words	305	(2)
7. Albanian	307	(8)
Albanian clausal clitic system	307	(3)
Indirect-object clitic-doubling	310	(1)
Direct-object clitic-doubling	310	(4)
Clitic-doubling of "wh" words	314	(1)
8. Modern Greek	315	(14)
Modern Greek clausal clitic system	315	(4)
Direct-object clitic-doubling	319	(5)
Indirect-object clitic-doubling	324	(2)
Clitic-doubling of "wh" words	326	(2)
Clitic-doubling in coordinate structures	328	(1)
9. Arli Balkan Romani	329	(4)
Arli Pronominal Clitics	329	(1)
Clitic-doubling	330	(3)
Chapter Five The Perfect and the Evidential	333	(80)
1. Macedonian	336	(15)
Forms of the "be" and "have" present and past perfect	337	(3)
Use of the "be" perfect in subsystem (A)	340	(2)
Use of the "be" past perfect	342	(1)
Uses of the "have" perfects	342	(3)
"Be" perfect with passive participles	345	(1)
Evidentials	346	(5)
2. Bulgarian	351	(10)
The Bulgarian perfect and its relationship to the aorist and the imperfect	351	(6)
Past perfect	357	(2)
Evidential functions of the Bulgarian perfects	359	(1)
The probabilitive mood of the Bulgarian village of Novo Selo	360	(1)
3. Serbo-Croatian	361	(8)
The Serbo-Croatian perfect	361	(3)
Past perfect	364	(2)
Present and past perfects in the South-Eastern Serbian dialects	366	(3)
4. Romanian	369	(7)
Simple and composite perfects	369	(2)
Past perfect	371	(1)
Use of the "be" auxiliary	372	(3)
Evidentiality	375	(1)
5. Megleno-Romanian	376	(7)
Forms of the Megleno-Romanian perfects	377	(1)
Use of the Megleno-Romanian present perfect	378	(2)
Use of the Megleno-Romanian past perfect	380	(1)
Use of the inverted present perfect	380	(1)
Use of the inverted past perfect	381	(1)
Use of the "be" auxiliary	381	(2)
6. Aromanian	383	(6)
Forms of the Aromanian "have" perfect	384	(1)
Use of the Aromanian present perfect	385	(1)
Use of the Aromanian past perfect	386	(1)
Use of the "be" auxiliary	387	(2)
Evidential forms	389	(1)
7. Albanian	389	(8)
Forms of the Albanian perfect tenses	390	(1)
Use of the perfect tenses in Standard and Tosk Albanian	391	(2)
Evidential forms	393	(2)
Use of the evidential forms	395	(2)
8. Northern Geg Albanian	397	(3)
Northern Geg Albanian perfect forms	397	(1)
Use of the perfect tenses in Northern Geg Albanian	398	(2)
9. Modern Greek	400	(7)
Forms of the Modern Greek perfect tenses	401	(1)
Use of the Modem Greek perfect tenses	402	(4)
Use of the "be" auxiliary	406	(1)
10. Arli Balkan Romani	407	(6)
The "be" auxiliary and its use in the formation of the Arli analytic tenses	407	(3)
Use of the Arli "he" perfect and its interrelationship with the composite past tense	410	(3)
Chapter Six Infinitives and Subjunctives	413	(244)
1. Macedonian	416	(40)
An Infinite-like function of verbal nouns	416	(1)
The subjunctive marker in contrast with indicative complementizers	417	(2)
Forms of verbs in the subjunctive construction	419	(5)
Typical uses of subjunctive constructions	424	(7)
Subjunctive constructions as complements of the impersonal modals ima and nema	431	(2)
Subjunctive complements with "wh" words as arguments or adjuncts	433	(2)
Subjunctive constructions as nominal modifiers or as adjuncts	435	(4)
Bare subjunctive constructions	439	(5)
Subjunctive constructions as complements of modal clitics	444	(2)
Macedonian future tenses	446	(5)
Conditional sentences	451	(3)
Sentences with temporal clauses	454	(2)
2. Bulgarian	456	(28)
Remnants of the infinitive	456	(1)
The subjunctive marker in contrast with indicative complementizers	457	(2)
Forms of verbs in the subjunctive construction	459	(3)
Typical uses of subjunctive constructions	462	(6)
Subjunctive complements with "wh" words as arguments or adjuncts	468	(2)
Subjunctive constructions as nominal modifiers or as adjuncts	470	(3)
Bare subjunctive constructions	473	(3)
Subjunctive constructions as complements of auxiliary modals	476	(1)
Bulgarian future tenses	476	(6)
Conditional sentences	482	(2)
3. Serbo-Croatian	484	(27)
The infinitive	484	(1)
Future tense with infinitives	485	(3)
The subjunctive marker	488	(1)
Forms of verbs in the subjunctive construction	489	(3)
Typical uses of the subjunctive construction	492	(7)
Subjunctive constructions as complements of the modals imati and nemati	499	(1)
Subjunctive constructions as complements of the frozen form of biti	499	(1)
Subjunctive complements with "wh" words as arguments or adjuncts	500	(2)
Subjunctive constructions as nominal modifiers or as adjuncts	502	(1)
Bare subjunctive constructions	503	(4)
Conditional sentences	507	(1)
Future tenses with subjunctive constructions	508	(3)
4. Romanians	511	(29)
"Short" and "long" infinitives	511	(4)
Romanian future tense with infinitives and present conditional tense	515	(2)
The subjunctive marker	517	(2)
Forms of verbs in the subjunctive construction	519	(2)
Typical uses of subjunctive constructions	521	(6)
Romanian future tenses with subjunctive constructions	527	(1)
Subjunctive constructions as complements of raising verbs	528	(1)
Subjunctive complements with "wh"-words as arguments or adjuncts	529	(2)
Subjunctive constructions as nominal modifiers or as adjuncts	531	(3)
Bare subjunctive constructions	534	(3)
Conditional sentences	537	(3)
5. Megleno-Romanian	540	(18)
Use of the Megleno-Romanian infinitive	540	(1)
The subjunctive marker	541	(1)
Forms of verbs in the subjunctive construction	542	(1)
Typical uses of subjunctive constructions	542	(5)
Subjunctive constructions as complements of the modal ari	547	(1)
Subjunctive complements with "wh"-words as arguments or adjuncts	548	(1)
Subjunctive constructions as nominal modifiers or as adjuncts	549	(4)
Bare subjunctive constructions	553	(4)
Conditional sentences	557	(1)
6. Aromanian	558	(23)
Use of the infinitive forms	558	(1)
The subjunctive marker	559	(1)
Forms of verbs in the subjunctive construction	560	(1)
Typical uses of subjunctive constructions	560	(5)
Subjunctive constructions as complements of the modal are	565	(1)
Subjunctive complements with "wh"-words as arguments or adjuncts	566	(2)
Subjunctive constructions as nominal modifiers or as adjuncts	568	(5)
Bare subjunctive constructions	573	(3)
Aromanian future tenses	576	(2)
Conditional sentences	578	(2)
Sentences with temporal clauses	580	(1)
7. Albanian	581	(28)
Formation of the (Tosk) Albanian participle	581	(1)
"Infinitival" usage of the Standard and Tosk Albanian participle	582	(3)
Subjunctive constructions in contrast with indicative complements	585	(2)
Forms of verbs in the subjunctive construction	587	(1)
Typical uses of the subjunctive constructions	587	(6)
Subjunctive complements with "wh" words as arguments or adjuncts	593	(2)
Subjunctive constructions as nominal modifiers or as adjuncts	595	(2)
Bare subjunctive constructions	597	(6)
(Tosk) Albanian future tenses	603	(4)
Conditional sentences	607	(1)
Sentences with temporal clauses	608	(1)
8. Geg Albanian	609	(4)
Forms of the infinitive in North Geg Albanian	609	(1)
Use of the infinitive in North Geg Albanian	610	(1)
Northen Geg Albanian future tenses	611	(1)
Interaction of the infinitive and the subjunctive construction in conditional sentences	611	(2)
9. Modern Greek	613	(23)
Use of infinitive forms	613	(1)
The subjunctive marker in contrast with indicative complementizers	613	(2)
Forms of verbs in subjunctive constructions	615	(1)
Typical uses of subjunctive constructions	616	(6)
Subjunctive constructions as complements of the modal exo	622	(1)
Subjunctive constructions as complements of raising verbs	622	(1)
Subjunctive complements with "wh" words as arguments or adjuncts	623	(1)
Subjunctive constructions as nominal modifiers or as adjuncts	624	(5)
Bare subjunctive constructions	629	(3)
Modern Greek future tenses	632	(1)
Conditional sentences	633	(2)
Sentences with temporal clauses	635	(1)
10. Arli Balkan Romani	636	(71)
The subjunctive marker in contrast with indicative complementizers	636	(2)
Forms of verbs in subjunctive constructions	638	(1)
Typical uses of subjunctive constructions	639	(4)
Subjunctive constructions as complements of the modals isi and na(n)e	643	(1)
Subjunctive complements with "wh" words as arguments or adjuncts	644	(2)
Subjunctive constructions as nominal modifiers or as adjuncts	646	(2)
Bare subjunctive constructions	648	(4)
Arli future tenses	652	(2)
Conditional sentences	654	(1)
Sentences with temporal clauses	655	(2)
Appendix One Core Vocabularies	657	(26)
Appendix Two Sample Texts	683	(14)
Appendix Three Languages Spoken on the Balkans	697	(10)
References	707	(14)
Books and papers referred to in the text	707	(11)
Reference grammars	718	(3)
Subject Index	721	(20)
Index of languages, dialects, ethnonyms and toponyms	741	(6)
Author Index	747