Barron's How to Prepare for the AP Advanced Placement Exam

by Goldberg, Deborah T.

• ISBN13: 9780764124983
• ISBN10: 0764124986
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-03-01
• Publisher: Barrons Test Prep

Summary

This completely new Advanced Placement test prep manual presents several full-length, up-to-date practice examinations with all questions answered. An extensive subject review surveys principles of biochemistry, then focuses on cells, photosynthesis, cell division, heredity, molecular genetics, evolution, plants, animals, and ecology. Each section is followed up with multiple-choice and essay questions. A final review section covers laboratory procedure. Added features include an overview of the AP exam, grading, test-taking advice, and a glossary of biology terms.

Table of Contents

Part One Introduction	1	(8)
Introduction	3	(1)
General Information	3	(1)
The AP Exam	3	(2)
Grades on the Exam	5	(1)
Hints for Taking the Multiple-Choice Section	6	(1)
Hints for Taking the Free-Response Section	6	(3)
Part Two Subject Area Review	9	(296)
Biochemistry	11	(23)
Introduction	11	(1)
Atomic Structure	11	(1)
Bonding Between Atoms	12	(1)
Bonding Between Molecules	12	(1)
Characteristics of Water	13	(1)
pH	14	(1)
Isomers	15	(1)
Organic Compounds	15	(6)
Enzymes and Metabolism	21	(6)
Multiple-Choice Questions	27	(3)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	30	(2)
Free-Response Questions and Answers	32	(2)
The Cell	34	(20)
Introduction	34	(1)
Comparison of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes	34	(1)
How We Study Cells	35	(1)
Structure and Function of the Cell	36	(5)
Transport Into and Out of the Cell	41	(5)
Cell Communication	46	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	47	(4)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	51	(1)
Free-Response Questions and Answers	52	(2)
Cell Respiration	54	(17)
Introduction	54	(1)
ATP---Adenosine Triphosphate	54	(1)
Glycolysis	55	(3)
Anaerobic Respiration---Fermentation	58	(1)
Structure of the Mitochondrion	59	(1)
Aerobic Respiration: The Krebs Cycle	60	(1)
NAD and FAD	61	(1)
Aerobic Respiration: The Electron Transport Chain	61	(2)
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis	63	(1)
Summary of ATP Production	63	(2)
Multiple-Choice Questions	65	(3)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	68	(1)
Free-Response Questions and Answers	69	(2)
Photosynthesis	71	(15)
Introduction	71	(1)
Photosynthetic Pigments	71	(2)
The Chloroplast	73	(1)
Photosystems	73	(1)
The Light-Dependent Reactions---The Light Reactions	73	(3)
The Calvin Cycle	76	(1)
Photorespiration	77	(1)
C-4 Photosynthesis	77	(2)
CAM Plants	79	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	80	(3)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	83	(1)
Free-Response Question and Answer	84	(2)
Cell Division	86	(14)
Introduction	86	(1)
The Cell Cycle	87	(1)
Phases of the Cell Cycle	87	(2)
Cell Division and Cancerous Cells	89	(1)
Meiosis	89	(1)
Meiosis and Genetic Variation	90	(2)
Details of the Cell Cycle	92	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	93	(3)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	96	(2)
Free-Response Question and Answer	98	(2)
Heredity	100	(25)
Introduction	100	(1)
Law of Dominance	100	(1)
Law of Segregation	101	(1)
Monohybrid Cross	101	(1)
Backcross or Testcross	102	(1)
Law of Independent Assortment	102	(2)
Incomplete Dominance	104	(1)
Codominance	105	(1)
Multiple Alleles	105	(1)
Gene Interactions	106	(2)
Expressivity, Penetrance, and the Environment	108	(1)
Sex-Influenced Inheritance	109	(1)
Linked Genes	109	(1)
Crossover and Gene Map Units	110	(1)
Sex-linkage	111	(1)
The Pedigree	111	(1)
X Inactivation---The Barr Body	112	(1)
Mutations	113	(1)
Nondisjunction	113	(2)
Human Inherited Disorders	115	(1)
Probability---Multiplication and Addition	115	(1)
Genomic Imprinting	116	(1)
Extranuclear Inheritance	116	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	117	(5)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	122	(2)
Free-Response Questions and Answers	124	(1)
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance	125	(30)
Introduction	125	(1)
The Search for Inheritable Material	125	(3)
The Structure of Nucleic Acids	128	(1)
DNA Replication in Eukaryotes	129	(2)
DNA Replication in Prokaryotes	131	(1)
DNA Makes RNA Makes Protein	131	(3)
Gene Mutation	134	(1)
The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria	135	(4)
Prions	139	(1)
Transposons	140	(1)
The Human Genome	140	(1)
Recombinant DNA	140	(1)
Cloning Genes	141	(1)
Tools and Techniques of Recombinant DNA	141	(2)
Ethical Considerations	143	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	144	(5)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	149	(2)
Free-Response Questions and Answers	151	(4)
Classification	155	(13)
Introduction	155	(1)
The Five-Kingdom Classification System	155	(2)
Animals	157	(1)
Nine Common Animal Phyla	158	(3)
Characteristics of Mammals	161	(1)
Characteristics of Primates	162	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	163	(2)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	165	(1)
Free-Response Questions and Answers	166	(2)
Evolution	168	(24)
Introduction	168	(1)
Evidence for Evolution	168	(1)
Historical Context for Evolutionary Theory	169	(2)
Natural Selection	171	(1)
Types of Selection	171	(2)
Sources of Variation in a Population	173	(2)
Causes of Evolution of a Population	175	(2)
Sources of Stability in Populations---Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium	177	(2)
Speciation and Reproductive Isolation	179	(2)
Patterns of Evolution	181	(1)
Modern Theory of Macroevolution	182	(1)
The Origin of Life	183	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	184	(4)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	188	(1)
Free-Response Questions and Answers	189	(3)
Plants	192	(21)
Introduction	192	(1)
Classification of Plants	192	(1)
Strategies That Enabled Plants to Move to Land	193	(1)
How Plants Grow	193	(1)
Plant Tissue	194	(2)
Roots	196	(1)
Stems	197	(1)
The Leaf	198	(1)
Transport in Plants	199	(1)
Plant Reproduction	200	(1)
Alternation of Generations	201	(2)
Plant Responses to Stimuli	203	(2)
Signal Transduction Pathway	205	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	206	(3)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	209	(2)
Free-Response Questions and Answers	211	(2)
Animal Physiology	213	(36)
Introduction	213	(1)
Digestion Among Different Animals	213	(1)
Digestion in Humans	214	(1)
Gas Exchange Among Different Animals	215	(1)
Gas Exchange in Humans	216	(2)
Human Circulation	218	(3)
Chemical Signals	221	(3)
Temperature Regulation	224	(1)
Osmoregulation	225	(1)
Excretion	226	(3)
Nervous System	229	(5)
Muscle	234	(2)
Multiple-Choice Questions	236	(8)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	244	(3)
Free-Response Questions and Answers	247	(2)
The Human Immune System	249	(12)
Introduction	249	(1)
Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms	249	(1)
Specific Defense Mechanisms	250	(4)
Types of Immunity	254	(1)
ABO Antibodies	254	(1)
AIDS Virus	255	(1)
Positive Feedback in the Immune System	255	(1)
Other Information Related to Immunity	255	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	256	(3)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	259	(1)
Free-Response Question and Answer	260	(1)
Animal Reproduction and Development	261	(15)
Introduction	261	(1)
Asexual Reproduction	261	(1)
Sexual Reproduction	262	(3)
Embryonic Development	265	(2)
Factors that Influence Embryonic Development	267	(2)
Multiple-Choice Questions	269	(3)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	272	(2)
Free-Response Questions and Answers	274	(2)
Ecology	276	(21)
Introduction	276	(1)
Properties of Populations	276	(2)
Population Growth	278	(3)
Community Structure and Population Interactions	281	(1)
The Food Chain	282	(1)
Ecological Succession	283	(1)
Biomes	284	(3)
Chemical Cycles	287	(1)
Humans and the Biosphere	287	(2)
Multiple-Choice Questions	289	(5)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	294	(1)
Free-Response Questions and Answers	295	(2)
Animal Behavior	297	(8)
Introduction	297	(1)
Fixed Action Pattern	297	(1)
Learning	297	(2)
Social Behavior	299	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	300	(2)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	302	(1)
Free-Response Question and Answer	303	(2)
Part Three Laboratory Section	305	(24)
Laboratory Review	307	(22)
Graphing	307	(1)
Designing an Experiment	308	(1)
The 12 Recommended Biology Laboratories	309	(1)
Lab 1: Diffusion and Osmosis	309	(2)
Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis	311	(1)
Lab 3: Mitosis and Meiosis	312	(2)
Lab 4: Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis	314	(2)
Lab 5: Cell Respiration	316	(1)
Lab 6: Molecular Biology	317	(2)
Lab 7: Genetics---The Fruit Fly	319	(1)
Lab 8: Population Genetics and Evolution	320	(1)
Lab 9: Transpiration	321	(1)
Lab 10: Physiology of the Circulatory System	322	(1)
Lab 11: Animal Behavior	323	(1)
Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity	324	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	325	(2)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	327	(2)
Part Four Extra Preparation for the AP Exam	329	(10)
Major Themes in AP Biology	331	(4)
Energy Transfer	331	(1)
Relationship of Structure to Function	332	(1)
Regulation	333	(1)
Interdependence of Nature	333	(1)
Evolution	334	(1)
Analysis of Real Student Essays	335	(4)
Sample Essay A	335	(1)
Analysis of Essay A	335	(1)
Sample Essay B	336	(1)
Analysis of Essay B	337	(2)
Part Five Practice Exams	339	(2)
Model AP Biology Exam No. 1	341	(35)
Multiple-Choice Questions	341	(19)
Reading Period	360	(1)
Writing Period	360	(1)
Answers	361	(1)
Explanations	362	(14)
Model AP Biology Exam No. 2	376	(40)
Multiple-Choice Questions	376	(22)
Reading Period	398	(1)
Writing Period	399	(1)
Answers	400	(1)
Explanations	400	(16)
Model AP Biology Exam No. 3	416	(39)
Multiple-Choice Questions	416	(20)
Reading Period	436	(1)
Writing Period	436	(1)
Answers	437	(1)
Explanations	438	(17)
Part Six Appendices and Glossary	455	(2)
Appendices	457	(9)
A. Science as Process---Nobel Prize Winners and Research Topics	457	(3)
B. Bibliography	460	(1)
C. Commonly Used Prefixes and Suffixes	461	(2)
D. Measurements Used in Biology	463	(1)
E. Geologic Time Scale	464	(2)
Glossary	466	(19)
Index	485