Barron's How to Prepare for the Ap Statistics

by Sternstein, Martin

• ISBN13: 9780764110917
• ISBN10: 0764110918
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: B E S Pub Co

Summary

Aside from reviewing the range of statistics topics, this new edition speaks more specifically to students' test preparation needs and offers special hints for test-taking. Six full-length practice exams are presented with all questions and answers explained.

Table of Contents

Author's Note	p. vii
Introduction	p. viii
Exploratory Analysis	p. 1
Graphical Displays	p. 3
Dotplots
Bar charts
Histograms
Cumulative frequency plots
Stemplots
Center and spread
Clusters and gaps
Outliers
Modes
Shape
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 13
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 19
Summarizing Distributions	p. 22
Measuring the center: median and mean
Measuring spread: range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation
Measuring position: simple ranking, percentile ranking, and z-score
Empirical rule
Histograms and measures of central tendency
Histograms, z-scores, and percentile rankings; boxplots
Effect of changing units
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 38
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 48
Comparing Distributions	p. 50
Dotplots
Double bar charts
Back-to-back stemplots
Parallel boxplots
Cumulative frequency plots
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 55
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 60
Exploring Bivariate Data	p. 62
Scatterplots
Correlation and linearity
Least squares regression line
Residual plots, outliers, and influential points
Transformations to achieve linearity
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 76
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 86
Exploring Categorical Data: Frequency Tables	p. 93
Marginal frequencies for two-way tables
Conditional relative frequencies and association
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 99
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 103
Planning a Study	p. 109
Overview of Methods of Data Collection	p. 111
Census
Sample survey
Experiment
Observational study
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 113
Planning and Conducting Surveys	p. 117
Simple random sampling
Characteristics of a well-designed, well-conducted survey
Sampling error: the variation inherent in a survey
Sources of bias in surveys
Stratifying to reduce variation
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 121
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 128
Planning and Conducting Experiments	p. 131
Experiments versus observational studies versus surveys
Confounding, control groups, placebo effects, and blinding
Treatments, experimental units, and randomization
Completely randomized design for two treatments
Randomized paired comparison design
Replication, blocking, and generalizability of results
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 137
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 141
Probability	p. 147
Probability as Relative Frequency	p. 149
The law of large numbers
Addition rule, multiplication rule, conditional probabilities, and independence
Multistage probability calculations
Discrete random variables and their probability distributions
Simulation of probability distributions, including binomial and geometric
Mean (expected value) and standard deviation of a random variable, including binomial
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 168
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 185
Combining Independent Random Variables	p. 193
Independence versus dependence
Mean and standard deviation for sums and differences of independent random variables
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 199
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 204
The Normal Distribution	p. 206
Properties of the normal distribution
Using tables of the normal distribution
The normal distribution as a model for measurement
Commonly used probabilities and z-scores
Finding means and standard deviations
Normal approximation to the binomial
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 219
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 225
Sampling Distributions	p. 227
Sampling distribution of a sample proportion
Sampling distribution of a sample mean
Central limit theorem
Sampling distribution of a difference between two independent sample proportions
Sampling distribution of a difference between two independent sample means
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 238
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 244
Statistical Inference	p. 247
Confidence Intervals	p. 249
The meaning of a confidence interval
Large sample confidence interval for a proportion
Large sample confidence interval for a mean
Large sample confidence interval for a difference of two proportions
Large sample confidence interval for a difference between two means
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 263
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 271
Tests of Significance	p. 273
Logic of significance testing, null and alternative hypotheses, P-values, one- and two-sided tests, Type I and Type II errors, and the concept of power
Large sample test for a proportion
Large sample test for a mean
Large sample test for a difference between two proportions
Large sample test for a difference between two means (unpaired and paired)
Chi-square test for goodness of fit
Chi-square test for independence
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 291
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 308
Special Case of Normally Distributed Data	p. 318
t-distribution
Single sample t-procedures
Two sample t-procedures
Inference for slope of least squares line
Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers	p. 327
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 332
Practice Examinations	p. 335
Practice Examination 1	p. 339
Answers to Practice Examination 1	p. 350
Practice Examination 2	p. 359
Answers to Practice Examination 2	p. 372
Practice Examination 3	p. 381
Answers to Practice Examination 3	p. 395
Practice Examination 4	p. 403
Answers to Practice Examination 4	p. 415
Practice Examination 5	p. 425
Answers to Practice Examination 5	p. 437
Practice Examination 6	p. 447
Answers to Practice Examination 6	p. 462
Appendix	p. 469
Assumptions	p. 471
AP Exam Hints	p. 472
Formulas	p. 475
Standard Normal Probabilities	p. 478
t-distribution Critical Values	p. 480
X[superscript 2] Critical Values	p. 481
Random Number Table	p. 482
Index	p. 483
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.