Basic Pharmacology for Nurses

by Clayton & Stock

• ISBN13: 9780323023597
• ISBN10: 0323023592
• Edition: 13th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-12-16
• Publisher: Mosby

Summary

This time-tested nursing pharmacology text is known for its concise drug monographs and nursing process coverage, extensive use of color, student-friendly approach, and emphasis on health promotion through medication monitoring and patient education. The 13th edition also brings the same clinical accuracy that users have come to expect from Clayton & Stock. Plus, there are plenty of new features and updates, including the latest FDA approvals and withdrawals, new chapters, and a new student CD-ROM included in every book. Instructor resources are available; please contact your Elsevier sales representative for details. Presents comprehensive drug class discussions, followed by individual drug narratives in a consistent, readable, colorful, user-friendly format Includes a unique Illustrated Atlas of Medication Administration and Math Review, with extensive step-by-step illustrations demonstrating proper administration techniques for all forms of medications Reviews the pharmacology of all major classes of drugs, emphasizing side effects to expect and report, drug interactions, and patient education Provides a tear-out Drug Classifications Quick Reference card to help students review and learn the functions of drug classes Features free basic-level access to Mosby's Drug Consult, a comprehensive database of generic and brand-name drugs Includes Chapter Content overviews, Objectives, Key Terms lists, Key Points, Math Review questions, Critical Thinking questions, and Review Questions Includes the very latest FDA approvals and withdrawals, including up-to-date clinical drug indications and approximately 90 new drugs Incorporates NANDA Taxonomy II (2003-2004) nursing diagnoses throughout Features expanded content and late-breaking changes in its coverage of osteoporosis, hormone replacement, and hypertension New chapters on parenteral drug administration -- now expanded from one to three chapters New chapter on Substance Abuse features coverage of substances of abuse, health professionals and substance abuse, treatment of substance abuse, and more The chapter on Drugs Used to Treat Hypertension incorporates the latest JNC 7 recommendations for prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure Includes updated and expanded coverage of pain and end-of-life care Herbal Interactions boxes highlight well documented interactions between drugs and herbal therapies and dietary supplements Clinical Landmines boxes highlight critically important clinical considerations of which the nurse must be aware in order to practice safely Unique Patient Self-Assessment Forms that can be copied as patient handouts have been redesigned for improved clarity and usability Online Resources are now provided at the end of each chapter Chapter-ending review is now in the form of Key Points - a handy bulleted list that facilitates review of essential chapter content Also includes chapter-ending Review Questions to help ensure content mastery and help students prepare for licensure exams Now includes a Glossary for quick student reference to Key Terms Student CD-ROM is included with every book. It includes helpful student learning features such as: Patient Self-Assessment Forms -- provided as completable PDF documents -- approximately 200 NCLEX-style review questions, student-friendly Drug Dosage Calculators, and a searchable Glossary that includes all the Key Terms from the text Incorporates a consistent content design and special features to facilitate use with other Elsevier titles

Author Biography

Bruce D. Clayton, BS, RPh, PharmD: Professor of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana Yvonne N. Stock, MS, BSN, RN: Professor Emeritus, Nursing Health Occupations Department, Iowa Western Community College, Council Bluffs

Table of Contents

UNIT ONE FOUNDATIONS OF PHARMACOLOGY
Definitions, Names, Standards, and Information Sources	1	(13)
Definitions	1	(1)
Pharmacology	1	(1)
Therapeutic Methods	1	(1)
Drugs	1	(1)
Drug Names (United States)	1	(1)
Chemical Name	1	(1)
Generic Name (Nonproprietary Name)	1	(1)
Official Name	2	(1)
Trademark (Brand Name)	2	(1)
Drug Classification	2	(1)
Drug Names (Canada)	2	(1)
Official Drug	2	(1)
Proper Name	2	(1)
Sources of Drug Standards (United States)	2	(1)
The United States Pharmacopeia (USP)/National Formulary (NF)	2	(1)
USP Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names	3	(1)
Sources of Drug Standards (Canada)	3	(1)
Sources of Drug Information (United States)	3	(3)
American Drug Index	3	(1)
American Hospital Formulary Service	3	(1)
Drug Interaction Facts	4	(1)
Drug Facts and Comparisons	4	(1)
Handbook on Injectable Drugs	4	(1)
Handbook of NonPrescription Drugs	4	(1)
Martindale---The Complete Drug Reference	4	(1)
Medical Letter	5	(1)
Package Inserts	5	(1)
Mosby's Drug Consult	5	(1)
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database	5	(1)
Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR)	5	(1)
Nursing Journals	6	(1)
Sources of Drug Information (Canada)	6	(1)
Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialities	6	(1)
Patient Self-Care: Helping Patients Make Therapeutic Choices	7	(1)
Compendium of Self-Care Products	7	(1)
Electronic Databases	7	(1)
Sources of Patient Information	7	(1)
United States Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information	7	(1)
Therapeutic Choices	8	(1)
Tyler's Honest Herbal	8	(1)
Drug Legislation (United States)	8	(1)
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, June 25, 1938 (Amended 1952, 1962)	8	(1)
Controlled Substances Act, 1970	8	(1)
Possession of Controlled Substances	9	(1)
Drug Legislation (Canada)	9	(1)
Food and Drugs Act 1927; Food and Drug Regulations 1953 and 1954, Revised 1979 and Periodic Amendments	9	(1)
The Controlled Drugs and Substance Act, 1997	10	(1)
Nonprescription Drugs	10	(1)
Effectiveness of Drug Legislation	10	(1)
New Drug Development	10	(4)
Preclinical Research and Development Stage	10	(1)
Clinical Research and Development Stage	11	(1)
New Drug Application Review	12	(1)
Postmarketing Surveillance	12	(1)
Rare Diseases and Orphan Drugs	12	(2)
Principles of Drug Action and Drug Interactions	14	(8)
Basic Principles	14	(3)
Absorption	15	(1)
Distribution	15	(1)
Metabolism	16	(1)
Excretion	16	(1)
Half-Life	16	(1)
Drug Action	17	(1)
Variable Factors Influencing Drug Action	18	(1)
Age	18	(1)
Body Weight	18	(1)
Metabolic Rate	18	(1)
Illness	18	(1)
Psychologic Aspects	18	(1)
Tolerance	18	(1)
Dependence	19	(1)
Cumulative Effect	19	(1)
Drug Interactions	19	(3)
Drug Action Across the Life Span	22	(9)
Changing Drug Action Across the Life Span	22	(4)
Drug Absorption	22	(1)
Drug Distribution	23	(1)
Drug Metabolism	24	(1)
Drug Excretion	24	(1)
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring	25	(1)
Nursing Implications When Monitoring Drug Therapy	26	(5)
Use of Monitoring Parameters	26	(5)
The Nursing Process and Pharmacology	31	(20)
The Nursing Process	31	(10)
Assessment	33	(1)
Nursing Diagnosis	34	(4)
Planning	38	(2)
Nursing Intervention or Implementation	40	(1)
Evaluating and Recording Therapeutic and Expected Outcomes	40	(1)
Relating the Nursing Process to Pharmacology	41	(10)
Assessment	41	(1)
Nursing Diagnoses	41	(1)
Planning	42	(1)
Nursing Intervention or Implementation	42	(1)
Evaluating Therapeutic Outcomes	43	(8)
Patient Education and Health Promotion	51	(8)
Three Domains of Learning	51	(1)
Cognitive Domain	51	(1)
Affective Domain	51	(1)
Psychomotor Domain	51	(1)
Principles of Learning	51	(4)
Focus the Learning	51	(1)
Learning Styles	51	(1)
Organization Fosters Learning	52	(1)
Motivating the Individual to Learn	52	(1)
Readiness to Learn	52	(1)
Spacing the Content	53	(1)
Repetition Enhancing Learning	53	(1)
Education Level	53	(1)
Culture and Ethnic Diversity	53	(2)
Adherence	55	(1)
Patient Education Associated with Medication Therapy	55	(4)
Health Teaching	55	(1)
Communication and Responsibility	56	(1)
Expectations of Therapy	56	(1)
Changes in Expectations	56	(1)
Changes in Therapy Through Cooperative Goal Setting	56	(2)
At Discharge	58	(1)
UNIT TWO ILLUSTRATED ATLAS OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND MATH REVIEW
A Review of Arithmetic	59	(19)
Roman Numerals	59	(1)
Fractions	59	(5)
Common Fractions	59	(1)
Types of Common Fractions	60	(1)
Working with Fractions	60	(4)
Decimal Fractions	64	(1)
Multiplying Decimals	64	(1)
Dividing Decimals	65	(1)
Changing Decimals to Common Fractions	65	(1)
Changing Common Fractions to Decimal Fractions	65	(1)
Percents	65	(1)
Determining Percent One Number is of Another	65	(1)
Changing Percents to Fractions	65	(1)
Changing Percents to Decimal Fractions	65	(1)
Changing Common Fractions to Percents	66	(1)
Changing Decimal Fractions to Percents	66	(1)
Points to Remember in Reading Decimals	66	(1)
Ratios	66	(1)
Changing Ratio to Percent	66	(1)
Changing Percent to Ratio	66	(1)
Simplifying Ratios	67	(1)
Proportions	67	(1)
Systems of Weights and Measures	67	(6)
Household Measurements	67	(1)
Apothecary Measurements	68	(1)
Metric System	68	(1)
Conversion of Metric and Apothecary Units	69	(3)
Calculations That Do Not Require Conversions	72	(1)
Calculation of Intravenous Fluid and Medication Administration Rates	73	(2)
Intravenous Fluid Orders, Drip Rates, Pumps, and Rounding	74	(1)
Rounding	74	(1)
Volumetric and Nonvolumetric Pumps	74	(1)
Calculation of Flow Rates	74	(1)
Fahrenheit and Centigrade (Celsius) Temperature	75	(3)
Formula for Converting Fahrenheit Temperature to Centigrade Temperature	76	(1)
Formula for Converting Centigrade Temperature to Fahrenheit Temperature	76	(2)
Principles of Medication Administration	78	(22)
Legal and Ethical Considerations	78	(1)
Patient Charts	79	(10)
Contents of Patient Charts	79	(8)
Kardex Records	87	(2)
Evolving Chart Methodologies	89	(1)
Drug Distribution Systems	89	(4)
Narcotic Control Systems	91	(2)
The Drug Order	93	(1)
Types of Medication Orders	93	(1)
Medication Errors	93	(2)
Nurse's Responsibilities	94	(1)
The Six Rights of Drug Administration	95	(5)
Right Drug	95	(1)
Right Time	95	(1)
Right Dose	96	(1)
Right Patient	96	(1)
Right Route	96	(2)
Right Documentation	98	(2)
Percutaneous Administration	100	(18)
Administration of Topical Medications to the Skin	100	(1)
Administration of Creams, Lotions, and Ointments	100	(1)
Patch Testing for Allergens	101	(2)
Administration of Nitroglycerin Ointment	103	(2)
Administration of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems	105	(1)
Administration of Topical Powders	106	(1)
Administration of Medications to Mucous Membranes	107	(11)
Administration of Sublingual and Buccal Tablets	107	(1)
Administration of Eye Drops, Ointment, and Disks	108	(2)
Administration of Ear Drops	110	(1)
Administration of Nose Drops	111	(1)
Administration of Nasal Spray	112	(1)
Administration of Medications by Inhalation	113	(1)
Administration of Medications by Metered Dose Inhalers	113	(1)
Administration of Vaginal Medications	114	(1)
Administration of a Vaginal Douche	115	(3)
Enteral Administration	118	(14)
Administration of Oral Medications	118	(3)
Administration of Solid-Form Oral Medications	121	(2)
Medication Card System	121	(1)
Unit Dose System	121	(1)
Electronic Control System	122	(1)
General Principles of Solid-Form Medication Administration	122	(1)
Administration of Liquid-Form Oral Medications	123	(2)
Unit Dose System	124	(1)
Administration of Medications by Nasogastric Tube	125	(1)
Administration of Enteral Feedings Via Gastrostomy or Jejunostomy Tube	126	(2)
Administration of Rectal Suppositories	128	(2)
Administration of a Disposable Enema	130	(2)
Parenteral Administration: Safe Preparation of Parenteral Medications	132	(17)
Safe Preparation, Administration, and Disposal of Parenteral Medications and Supplies	132	(1)
Equipment Used in Parenteral Administration	132	(9)
Syringes	133	(8)
Parenteral Dose Forms	141	(1)
Ampules	141	(1)
Vials	141	(1)
Mix-O-Vials	141	(1)
Preparation of Parenteral Medication	142	(7)
Equipment	142	(1)
Technique	142	(1)
Guidelines for Preparing Medications	143	(6)
Parenteral Administration: Intradermal, Subcutaneous, and Intramuscular Routes	149	(11)
Administration of Medication by the Intradermal Route	149	(2)
Administration of Medication by the Subcutaneous Route	151	(2)
Administration of Medication by the Intramuscular Route	153	(7)
Parenteral Administration: Intravenous Therapy	160	(29)
Intravenous Therapy	160	(1)
Equipment Used for Intravenous Therapy	160	(5)
Intravenous Administration Sets	161	(1)
Types of Infusion Control Devices	161	(1)
Intravenous Access Devices	162	(3)
Intravenous Dose Forms	165	(3)
Large-Volume Solution Containers	168	(1)
Small-Volume Solution Containers	168	(1)
Administration of Medications by the Intravenous Route	168	(4)
General Principles of Intravenous Medication Administration	170	(1)
Preparing an Intravenous Solution for Infusion	171	(1)
Intravenous Fluid Monitoring	172	(1)
Basic Guidelines of Intravenous Administration of Medicine	172	(11)
Venipuncture	173	(1)
Selection of the Catheter or Butterfly Needle	173	(3)
Administration of Medication by a Heparin/Saline/Medlock	176	(1)
Administration of Medications into an Established Intravenous Line (IV Bolus)	176	(1)
Administration of Medication Through an Implanted Venous Access Device	177	(1)
Adding a Medication to an Intravenous Bag, Bottle, or Volume Control Device	178	(1)
Adding a Medication with a Piggyback Set	178	(1)
Changing to the Next Container of Intravenous Solution	179	(1)
Care of Peripheral Sites, Central Venous Catheters, and Implanted Ports	179	(1)
Peripheral Site Dressing Changes	180	(1)
Flushing of Central Venous Catheters	180	(1)
Dressing Changes for Central Lines	180	(11)
Care of Venous Ports	191
Discontinuing an Intravenous Infusion	182	(1)
Monitoring Intravenous Therapy	183	(6)
Complications Associated with Intravenous Therapy	184	(5)
UNIT THREE DRUGS AFFECTING THE AUTONOMIC AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS
Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System	189	(10)
The Central and Autonomic Nervous Systems	189	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System	190	(9)
Drug Class: Adrenergic Agents	191	(2)
Drug Class: Alpha-and Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents	193	(2)
Drug Class: Cholinergic Agents	195	(1)
Drug Class: Anticholinergic Agents	196	(3)
Sedative-Hypnotics	199	(10)
Sleep and Sleep Pattern Disturbance	199	(1)
Sedative-Hypnotic Therapy	200	(1)
Drug Therapy for Sleep Disturbance	201	(8)
Drug Class: Barbiturates	201	(3)
Drug Class: Benzodiazepines	204	(2)
Drug Class: Nonbarbiturate, Nonbenzodiazepine Sedative-Hypnotic Agents	206	(3)
Drugs Used for Parkinson's Disease	209	(16)
Parkinson's Disease	209	(1)
Drug Therapy for Parkinson's Disease	210	(15)
Drug Class: Dopamine Agonists	213	(7)
Drug Class: COMT Inhibitor	220	(1)
Drug Class: Anticholinergic Agents	221	(2)
Drug Class: Miscellaneous Antiparkinsonian Agents	223	(2)
Drugs Used for Anxiety Disorders	225	(10)
Anxiety Disorders	225	(1)
Drug Therapy for Anxiety Disorders	226	(9)
Drug Class: Benzodiazepines	229	(2)
Drug Class: Azaspirones	231	(1)
Drug Class: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors	231	(1)
Drug Class: Miscellaneous Antianxiety Agents	232	(3)
Drugs Used for Mood Disorders	235	(19)
Mood Disorders	235	(2)
Treatment of Mood Disorders	237	(1)
Drug Therapy for Mood Disorders	237	(3)
Drug Therapy for Depression	240	(14)
Drug Class: Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors	240	(2)
Drug Class: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors	242	(2)
Drug Class: Tricyclic Antidepressants	244	(2)
Drug Class: Miscellaneous Agents	246	(4)
Drug Class: Antimanic Agent	250	(4)
Drugs Used for Psychoses	254	(10)
Psychosis	254	(1)
Treatment of Psychosis	255	(1)
Drug Therapy for Psychosis	255	(2)
Adverse Effects of Antipsychotic Drug Therapy	257	(7)
Drug Class: Antipsychotic Agents	260	(4)
Drugs Used for Seizure Disorders	264	(18)
Seizure Disorders	264	(1)
Descriptions of Seizures	265	(1)
Generalized Convulsive Seizures	265	(1)
Generalized Nonconvulsive Seizures	265	(1)
Anticonvulsant Therapy	265	(3)
Drug Therapy for Seizure Disorders	268	(14)
Drug Class: Barbiturates	268	(1)
Drug Class: Benzodiazepines	268	(3)
Drug Class: Hydantoins	271	(1)
Drug Class: Succinimides	272	(1)
Drug Class: Miscellaneous Anticonvulsants	273	(9)
Drugs Used for Pain Management	282	(26)
Pain	282	(1)
Pain Management	283	(25)
Drug Class: Opiate Agonists	292	(2)
Drug Class: Opiate Partial Agonists	294	(2)
Drug Class: Opiate Antagonists	296	(3)
Drug Class: Salicylates	299	(4)
Drug Class: NSAIDs	303	(1)
Drug Class: Miscellaneous Analgesics	304	(4)
UNIT FOUR DRUGS AFFECTING THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Drugs Used to Treat Hyperlipidemias	308	(9)
Atherosclerosis	308	(1)
Treatment of Hyperlipidemias	308	(1)
Drug Therapy for Hyperlipidemias	309	(8)
Drug Class: Bile Acid-Binding Resins	311	(1)
Drug Class: Niacin	312	(1)
Drug Class: HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors	313	(1)
Drug Class: Fibric Acids	314	(1)
Drug Class: Miscellaneous Antilipemic Agent	314	(3)
Drugs Used to Treat Hypertension	317	(24)
Hypertension	317	(3)
Prevention and Management of Hypertension	320	(1)
Drug Therapy for Hypertension	320	(21)
Drug Class: Diuretics	324	(1)
Drug Class: Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents	325	(1)
Drug Class: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors	326	(2)
Drug Class: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers	328	(1)
Drug Class: Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist	329	(2)
Drug Class: Calcium Ion Antagonists	331	(1)
Drug Class: Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Agents	332	(2)
Drug Class: Central-Acting Alpha-2 Agonists	334	(1)
Drug Class: Peripheral-Acting Adrenergic Antagonists	335	(2)
Drug Class: Direct Vasodilators	337	(4)
Drugs Used to Treat Heart Failure	341	(11)
Heart Failure	341	(1)
Treatment of Heart Failure	342	(1)
Drug Therapy for Heart Failure	342	(10)
Drug Class: Digitalis Glycosides	345	(3)
Drug Class: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors	348	(2)
Drug Class: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors	350	(1)
Drug Class: Natriuretic Peptides	350	(2)
Drugs Used to Treat Arrhythmias	352	(16)
Arrhythmias	352	(1)
Treatment for Arrhythmias	353	(1)
Drug Therapy for Arrhythmias	353	(15)
Drug Class: Antiarrhythmic Agents	355	(2)
Drug Class: Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents	357	(11)
Drugs Used to Treat Angina Pectoris	368	(9)
Angina Pectoris	368	(1)
Treatment of Angina Pectoris	368	(1)
Drug Therapy for Angina Pectoris	369	(8)
Drug Class: Nitrates	371	(2)
Drug Class: Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents	373	(1)
Drug Class: Calcium Ion Antagonists	374	(1)
Drug Class: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors	374	(3)
Drugs Used to Treat Peripheral Vascular Disease	377	(9)
Peripheral Vascular Disease	377	(1)
Treatment of Peripheral Vascular Disease	378	(1)
Drug Therapy for Peripheral Vascular Disease	378	(8)
Drug Class: Hemorrheologic Agent	380	(1)
Drug Class: Vasodilators	381	(2)
Drug Class: Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor	383	(3)
Drugs Used for Diuresis	386	(15)
Drug Therapy with Diuretics	386	(15)
Drug Class: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor	389	(1)
Drug Class: Methylxanthines	389	(2)
Drug Class: Loop Diuretics	391	(4)
Drug Class: Thiazide Diuretics	395	(2)
Drug Class: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics	397	(2)
Drug Class: Combination Diuretic Products	399	(2)
Drugs Used to Treat Thromboembolic Disorders	401	(15)
Ihromboembolic Diseases	401	(1)
Treatment of Thromboembolic Diseases	402	(1)
Drug Therapy for Thromboembolic Diseases	402	(14)
Drug Class: Platelet Inhibitors	404	(4)
Drug Class: Anticoagulants	408	(6)
Drug Class: Fibrinolytic Agents	414	(2)
UNIT FIVE DRUGS USED TO TREAT DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Drugs Used to Treat Upper Respiratory Disease	416	(10)
Upper Respiratory Tract Anatomy and Physiology	416	(1)
Common Upper Respiratory Diseases	417	(1)
Treatment of Upper Respiratory Diseases	418	(1)
Drug Therapy for Upper Respiratory Diseases	419	(7)
Drug Class: Sympathomimetic Decongestants	420	(1)
Drug Class: Antihistamines	421	(1)
Drug Class: Respiratory Antiinflammatory Agents	422	(4)
Drugs Used to Treat Lower Respiratory Disease	426	(26)
Lower Respiratory Tract Anatomy and Physiology	426	(2)
Common Lower Respiratory Diseases	428	(4)
Treatment of Lower Respiratory Diseases	432	(1)
Drug Therapy for Lower Respiratory Diseases	432	(20)
Drug Class: Expectorants	436	(3)
Drug Class: Antitussive Agents	439	(1)
Drug Class: Mucolytic Agents	439	(1)
Drug Class: Beta-Adrenergic Bronchodilating Agents	440	(2)
Drug Class: Anticholinergic Bronchodilating Agents	442	(1)
Drug Class: Xanthine-Derivative Bronchodilating Agents	443	(1)
Drug Class: Respiratory Antiinflammatory Agents	443	(2)
Drug Class: Antileukotriene Agents	445	(2)
Drug Class: Immunomodulator Agent	447	(1)
Drug Class: Miscellaneous Antiinflammatory Agents	448	(4)
UNIT SIX DRUGS AFFECTING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Drugs Used to Treat Oral Disorders	452	(6)
Mouth Disorders	452	(1)
Drug Therapy for Mouth Disorders	453	(5)
Drug Class: Dentifrices	456	(1)
Drug Class: Mouthwashes	456	(2)
Drugs Used to Treat Gastroesophageal Reflux and Peptic Ulcer Disease	458	(14)
Physiology of the Stomach	458	(1)
Common Stomach Disorders	458	(1)
Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux and Peptic Ulcer Disease	459	(1)
Drug Therapy for Gastroesophageal Reflux and Peptic Ulcer Disease	459	(13)
Drug Class: Antacids	461	(2)
Drug Class: Histamine (H2)-Receptor Antagonists	463	(2)
Drug Class: Gastrointestinal Prostaglandins	465	(1)
Drug Class: Gastric Acid Pump Inhibitors	466	(1)
Drug Class: Coating Agents	467	(1)
Drug Class: Prokinetic Agents	467	(2)
Drug Class: Antispasmodic Agents	469	(3)
Drugs Used to Treat Nausea and Vomiting	472	(13)
Nausea and Vomiting	472	(1)
Common Causes of Nausea and Vomiting	472	(2)
Drug Therapy for Selected Causes of Nausea and Vomiting	474	(11)
Drug Class: Dopamine Antagonists	476	(1)
Drug Class: Serotonin Antagonists	477	(1)
Drug Class: Anticholinergic Agents	477	(5)
Drug Class: Corticosteroids	482	(1)
Drug Class: Benzodiazepines	483	(1)
Drug Class: Cannabinoids	483	(2)
Drugs Used to Treat Constipation and Diarrhea	485	(8)
Constipation	485	(1)
Diarrhea	485	(1)
Treatment of Altered Elimination	486	(7)
Drug Class: Laxatives	488	(1)
Drug Class: Antidiarrheal Agents	489	(4)
UNIT SEVEN DRUGS AFFECTING THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Drugs Used to Treat Diabetes Mellitus	493	(23)
Diabetes Mellitus	493	(1)
Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus	494	(1)
Drug Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus	495	(21)
Drug Class: Insulins	503	(4)
Drug Class: Biguanide Oral Hypoglycemic Agents	507	(1)
Drug Class: Sulfonylurea Oral Hypoglycemic Agents	508	(2)
Drug Class: Meglitinide Oral Hypoglycemic Agents	510	(1)
Drug Class: Thiazolidinedione Oral Hypoglycemic Agents	511	(1)
Drug Class: Antihyperglycemic Agents	512	(2)
Drug Class: Antihypoglycemic Agents	514	(2)
Drugs Used to Treat Thyroid Disease	516	(10)
Thyroid Gland	516	(1)
Thyroid Diseases	516	(1)
Treatment of Thyroid Diseases	517	(1)
Drug Therapy for Thyroid Diseases	517	(9)
Drug Class: Thyroid Replacement Hormones	519	(3)
Drug Class: Antithyroid Medicines	522	(4)
Corticosteroids	526	(8)
Corticosteroids	526	(3)
Drug Therapy with Corticosteroids	529	(5)
Drug Class: Mineralocorticoids	529	(1)
Drug Class: Glucocorticoids	530	(4)
Gonadal Hormones	534	(7)
The Gonads and Gonadal Hormones	534	(1)
Drug Therapy with Gonadal Hormones	535	(6)
Drug Class: Estrogens	535	(2)
Drug Class: Progestins	537	(1)
Drug Class: Androgens	537	(4)
UNIT EIGHT DRUGS AFFECTING THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Drugs Used for Obstetrics	541	(21)
Obstetrics	541	(8)
Drug Therapy in Pregnancy	549	(13)
Drug Class: Uterine Stimulants	549	(5)
Drug Class: Uterine Relaxants	554	(2)
Drug Class: Other Agents	556	(3)
Drug Class: Neonatal Ophthalmic Solutions	559	(3)
Drugs Used for Men's and Women's Health	562	(18)
Vaginitis	562	(1)
Drug Therapy for Leukorrhea and Genital Infections	562	(5)
Drug Therapy for Contraception	567	(7)
Drug Class: Oral Contraceptives	567	(4)
Drug Class: Transdermal Contraceptives	571	(2)
Drug Class: Intravaginal Hormonal Contraceptive	573	(1)
Drug Therapy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)	574	(2)
Drug Class: Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Agents	575	(1)
Drug Class: Antiandrogen Agents	576	(1)
Drug Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction	576	(4)
Drug Class: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors	577	(3)
UNIT NINE DRUGS AFFECTING OTHER BODY SYSTEMS
Drugs Used to Treat Disorders of the Urinary System	580	(11)
Urinary Tract Infections	580	(4)
Drug Therapy for Urinary Tract infections	584	(7)
Drug Class: Fosfomycin Antibiotics	584	(1)
Drug Class: Quinolone Antibiotics	584	(3)
Drug Class: Bladder-Active Drugs	587	(4)
Drugs Used to Treat Glaucoma and Other Eye Disorders	591	(18)
Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye	591	(1)
Glaucoma	592	(1)
Drug Therapy for Glaucoma	593	(11)
Drug Class: Osmotic Agents	595	(3)
Drug Class: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors	598	(1)
Drug Class: Cholinergic Agents	599	(1)
Drug Class: Cholinesterase Inhibitors	599	(2)
Drug Class: Adrenergic Agents	601	(1)
Drug Class: Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents	602	(1)
Drug Class: Prostaglandin Agonists	602	(2)
Other Ophthalmic Agents	604	(5)
Drug Class: Anticholinergic Agents	604	(1)
Drug Class: Antifungal Agents	605	(1)
Drug Class: Antiviral Agents	605	(1)
Drug Class: Antibacterial Agents	606	(1)
Drug Class: Corticosteroids	606	(1)
Drug Class: Ophthalmic Antiinflammatory Agents	606	(1)
Drug Class: Antihistamines	607	(1)
Drug Class: Antiallergic Agents	607	(1)
Drug Class: Sodium Fluorescein	607	(1)
Drug Class: Artificial Tear Solutions	607	(1)
Drug Class: Ophthalmic Irrigants	608	(1)
Drugs Affecting Neoplasms	609	(16)
Cancer and the Use of Antineoplastic Agents	609	(1)
Drug Therapy for Cancer	610	(15)
Drug Class: Alkylating Agents	614	(1)
Drug Class: Antimetabolites	614	(1)
Drug Class: Natural Products	614	(6)
Drug Class: Antineoplastic Antibodies	620	(1)
Drug Class: Hormones	621	(4)
Drugs Used to Treat the Muscular System	625	(9)
Muscle Relaxants and Neuromuscular Blocking Agents	625	(3)
Drug Therapy for Muscle Disorders	628	(6)
Drug Class: Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants	628	(2)
Drug Class: Direct-Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxant	630	(1)
Drug Class: Neuromuscular Blocking Agents	631	(3)
Antimicrobial Agents	634	(45)
Antimicrobial Agents	634	(4)
Drug Therapy for Infectious Disease	638	(38)
Drug Class: Aminoglycosides	638	(3)
Drug Class: Carbapenems	641	(1)
Drug Class: Cephalosporins	642	(2)
Drug Class: Macrolides	644	(1)
Drug Class: Penicillins	645	(1)
Drug Class: Quinolones	646	(3)
Drug Class: Streptogramins	649	(1)
Drug Class: Sulfonamides	650	(1)
Drug Class: Tetracyclines	651	(1)
Drug Class: Antitubercular Agents	652	(3)
Drug Class: Miscellaneous Antibiotics	655	(4)
Drug Class: Topical Antifungal Agents	659	(3)
Drug Class: Systemic Antifungal Agents	662	(5)
Drug Class: Antiviral Agents	667	(9)
Drug Therapy for Urinary Tract Infections	676	(3)
Nutrition	679	(22)
Principles of Nutrition	679	(2)
Dietary Reference Intakes	681	(9)
Physical Activity	690	(1)
Malnutrition	691	(10)
Enteral Nutrition	694	(3)
Parenteral Nutrition	697	(4)
Herbal and Dietary Supplement Therapy	701	(14)
Herbal Medicines, Dietary Supplements, and Rational Therapy	701	(2)
Herbal Therapy	703	(7)
Other Dietary Supplements	710	(5)
Substance Abuse	715	(16)
Definitions of Substance Abuse	715	(1)
Substances of Abuse	715	(1)
Theories on Why Substances are Abused	716	(1)
Signs of Impairment	716	(1)
Screening for Alcohol and Substance Abuse	717	(4)
Principles of Treatment for Substance Abuse	721	(10)
Miscellaneous Agents	731	(22)
Miscellaneous Agents	731	(6)
APPENDIXES
A Prescription Abbreviations	737	(1)
B Medical Abbreviations	738	(3)
C Nomogram for Calculating the Body Surface Area of Adults and Children	741	(1)
D Commonly Used Laboratory Tests and Drug Values	742	(3)
E Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule: United States 2003	745	(1)
F MedWatch	746	(2)
G Dyskinesia Identification System: Condensed User Scale (DISCUS)	748	(2)
H A Simple Method to Determine Tardive Dyskinesia Symptoms: AIMS Examination Procedure	750	(1)
I Template for Developing a Written Record for Patients to Monitor Their Own Therapy	751	(2)
Bibliography	753	(4)
Index	757