Basic Psychology A Pearson Prentice Hall Portfolio Edition

by Morris, Charles G., Professor Emeritus; Maisto, Albert A.

• ISBN13: 9780131505070
• ISBN10: 0131505076
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-03-04
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This two-color, brief paperback offers a "no-frills," lower-priced alternative for introductory psychology. Written by the respected Morris & Maisto author team, the abundance of pedagogical aids enhance readers¿ learning of the material presented.Thoroughly grounded in current research and covers all of the basic concepts in psychology such as: the science of psychology; the biological basis of behavior; sensation and perception; states of consciousness; learning; memory; cognition and mental abilities; motivation and emotion; life-span development; personality; stress and health psychology; psychological disorders; therapies; and social psychology.For psychologists and those interested in becoming successful in psychological science careers.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xix
What Is Psychology?	3	(8)
The Fields of Psychology	3	(4)
Enduring Issues	7	(1)
Psychology as Science	8	(2)
Critical Thinking: A Fringe Benefit of Studying Psychology	10	(1)
The Growth of Psychology	11	(10)
The ``New Psychology'': A Science of the Mind	11	(3)
Redefining Psychology: The Study of Behavior	14	(2)
The Cognitive Revolution	16	(3)
New Directions	19	(1)
Where Are the Women?	20	(1)
Human Diversity	21	(6)
Gender	22	(3)
Race and Ethnicity	25	(1)
Culture	26	(1)
Research Methods in Psychology	27	(9)
Naturalistic Observation	27	(2)
Case Studies	29	(1)
Surveys	29	(1)
Correlational Research	30	(1)
Experimental Research	31	(2)
Multimethod Research	33	(1)
The Importance of Sampling	34	(1)
Human Diversity and Research	34	(2)
Ethics and Psychology: Research on Humans and Animals	36	(3)
Careers in Psychology	39	(4)
Neurons: The Messengers	43	(10)
The Neural Impulse	45	(2)
The Synapse	47	(4)
Neural Plasticity and Neurogenesis	51	(2)
The Central Nervous System	53	(15)
The Organization of the Nervous System	53	(1)
The Brain	54	(7)
Hemispheric Specialization	61	(3)
Tools for Studying the Brain	64	(3)
The Spinal Cord	67	(1)
The Peripheral Nervous System	68	(3)
The Endocrine System	71	(14)
Genes, Evolution, and Behavior	74	(1)
Genetics	74	(2)
Behavior Genetics	76	(3)
Evolutionary Psychology	79	(2)
Social Implications	81	(4)
The Nature of Sensation	85	(4)
Sensory Thresholds	85	(2)
Subliminal Perception	87	(1)
Extrasensory Perception: Does It Exist?	88	(1)
Vision	89	(9)
The Visual System	89	(7)
Color Vision	96	(2)
Hearing	98	(5)
Sound	98	(2)
The Ear	100	(1)
Theories of Hearing	101	(2)
The Other Senses	103	(7)
Smell	103	(1)
Taste	104	(2)
Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses	106	(1)
The Skin Senses	107	(1)
Pain	108	(2)
Perception	110	(16)
Perceptual Organization	111	(1)
Perceptual Constancies	112	(2)
Perception of Distance and Depth	114	(4)
Perception of Movement	118	(1)
Visual Illusions	119	(1)
Observer Characteristics	120	(6)
Conscious Experience	126	(2)
Daydreaming and Fantasy	127	(1)
Sleep	128	(8)
Circadian Cycles: The Biological Clock	128	(1)
The Rhythms of Sleep	129	(5)
Inadequate Sleep	134	(1)
Sleep Disorders	134	(2)
Dreams	136	(2)
Why Do We Dream?	136	(2)
Drug-Altered Consciousness	138	(18)
Substance Use, Abuse, and Dependence	140	(3)
Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates, and the Opiates	143	(4)
Stimulants: Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamines, and Cocaine	147	(4)
Hallucinogens and Marijuana	151	(3)
Explaining Abuse and Addiction	154	(2)
Meditation and Hypnosis	156	(5)
Meditation	156	(1)
Hypnosis	157	(4)
Classical Conditioning	161	(5)
Elements of Classical Conditioning	161	(2)
Establishing a Classically Conditioned Response	163	(1)
Classical Conditioning in Humans	163	(2)
Classical Conditioning Is Selective	165	(1)
Operant Conditioning	166	(10)
Elements of Operant Conditioning	166	(3)
Establishing an Operantly Conditioned Response	169	(1)
A Closer Look at Reinforcement	170	(3)
A Closer Look at Punishment	173	(2)
Learned Helplessness	175	(1)
Factors Shared by Classical and Operant Conditioning	176	(10)
The Importance of Contingencies	176	(4)
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery	180	(3)
Stimulus Control, Generalization, and Discrimination	183	(1)
New Learning Based on Original Learning	184	(2)
Cognitive Learning	186	(11)
Latent Learning and Cognitive Maps	186	(3)
Insight and Learning Sets	189	(1)
Learning by Observing	190	(7)
The Sensory Registers	197	(3)
Visual and Auditory Registers	197	(1)
Attention	198	(2)
Short-Term Memory	200	(3)
Encoding in STM	201	(1)
Maintaining STM	202	(1)
Long-Term Memory	203	(6)
Capacity of LTM	203	(1)
Encoding in LTM	203	(1)
Serial Position Effect	204	(1)
Maintaining LTM	205	(2)
Types of LTM	207	(1)
Explicit and Implicit Memory	208	(1)
The Biology of Memory	209	(3)
How Are Memories Formed?	209	(1)
Where Are Memories Stored?	210	(2)
Forgetting	212	(5)
The Biology of Forgetting	212	(1)
Experience and Forgetting	212	(3)
Improving Your Memory	215	(2)
Special Topics in Memory	217	(7)
Cultural Influences	217	(1)
Autobiographical Memory	218	(1)
Childhood Amnesia	218	(1)
Flashbulb Memories	219	(1)
Recovered Memories	220	(4)
Building Blocks of Thought	224	(4)
Language	224	(1)
Images	225	(2)
Concepts	227	(1)
Language, Thought, and Culture	228	(1)
Problem Solving	229	(8)
The Interpretation of Problem	230	(2)
Producing Strategies and Evaluating Progress	232	(3)
Obstacles to Solving Problems	235	(2)
Decision Making	237	(3)
Logical Decision Making	237	(1)
Decision Making Heuristics	238	(1)
Explaining Our Decisions	239	(1)
Intelligence and Mental Abilities	240	(12)
Theories of Intelligence	242	(3)
Intelligence Tests	245	(3)
What Makes a Good Test?	248	(4)
Heredity, Environment, and Intelligence	252	(9)
Heredity	252	(1)
Environment	253	(2)
The IQ Debate: A Useful Model	255	(1)
Mental Abilities and Human Diversity: Gender and Culture	255	(3)
Extremes of Intelligence	258	(3)
Creativity	261	(2)
Intelligence and Creativity	261	(1)
Creativity Tests	262	(1)
Answers to Problems in the Chapter	263	(3)
Answers to Intelligence Test Questions	266	(4)
Perspectives on Motivation	270	(6)
Instincts	270	(1)
Drive-Reduction Theory	270	(1)
Arousal Theory	271	(1)
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation	272	(2)
A Hierarchy of Motives	274	(2)
Hunger and Thirst	276	(4)
Biological and Emotional Factors	276	(1)
Cultural and Social Factors	277	(1)
Eating Disorders	278	(2)
Weight Control	280	(1)
Sex	280	(3)
Biological Factors	280	(1)
Cultural and Environmental Factors	281	(1)
Sexual Orientation	281	(2)
Other Important Motives	283	(8)
Exploration and Curiosity	284	(1)
Manipulation and Contact	284	(1)
Aggression	285	(3)
Achievement	288	(2)
Affiliation	290	(1)
Emotions	291	(5)
Basic Emotions	291	(3)
Theories of Emotion	294	(2)
Communicating Emotion	296	(7)
Voice Quality and Facial Expression	296	(1)
Body Language, Personal Space, and Gestures	297	(1)
Gender and Emotion	298	(1)
Culture and Emotion	299	(4)
Enduring Issues and Methods in Developmental Psychology	303	(3)
Prenatal Development	306	(2)
The Newborn	308	(4)
Reflexes	308	(1)
Temperament	309	(1)
Perceptual Abilities	310	(2)
Infancy and Childhood	312	(18)
Physical Development	312	(1)
Motor Development	312	(2)
Cognitive Development	314	(4)
Moral Development	318	(2)
Language Development	320	(2)
Social Development	322	(6)
Television and Children	328	(2)
Adolescence	330	(9)
Physical Changes	330	(2)
Cognitive Changes	332	(1)
Personality and Social Development	333	(3)
Some Problems of Adolescence	336	(3)
Adulthood	339	(7)
Love, Partnerships, and Parenting	339	(3)
The World of Work	342	(2)
Cognitive Changes	344	(1)
Personality Changes	345	(1)
The ``Change of Life''	345	(1)
Late Adulthood	346	(10)
Physical Changes	347	(1)
Social Development	348	(1)
Cognitive Changes	349	(1)
Facing the End of Life	350	(5)
The Case of Jaylene Smith	355	(1)
Psychodynamic Theories	356	(14)
Sigmund Freud	357	(5)
Carl Jung	362	(2)
Alfred Adler	364	(1)
Karen Horney	365	(1)
Erik Erikson	366	(2)
A Psychodynamic View of Jaylene Smith	368	(1)
Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories	369	(1)
Humanistic Personality Theories	370	(2)
Carl Rogers	371	(1)
A Humanistic View of Jaylene Smith	372	(1)
Evaluating Humanistic Theories	372	(1)
Trait Theories	372	(4)
The Big Five	373	(2)
A Trait View of Jaylene Smith	375	(1)
Evaluating Trait Theories	375	(1)
Cognitive---Social Learning Theories	376	(2)
Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy	376	(1)
A Cognitive---Social Learning View of Jaylene Smith	377	(1)
Evaluating Cognitive---Social Learning Theories	378	(1)
Personality Assessment	378	(9)
The Personal Interview	379	(1)
Direct Observation	379	(1)
Objective Tests	380	(1)
Projective Tests	381	(6)
Sources of Stress	387	(7)
Change	387	(1)
Everyday Hassles	388	(4)
Self-Imposed Stress	392	(1)
Stress and Individual Differences	393	(1)
Coping with Stress	394	(7)
Direct Coping	394	(1)
Defensive Coping	395	(4)
Socioeconomic and Gender Differences in Coping with Stress	399	(2)
How Stress Affects Health	401	(6)
Stress and Heart Disease	403	(1)
Stress and the Immune System	404	(1)
Staying Healthy	405	(2)
Sources of Extreme Stress	407	(3)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	408	(2)
The Well-Adjusted Person	410	(3)
Perspectives on Psychological Disorders	413	(6)
Historical Views of Psychological Disorders	415	(1)
The Biological Model	416	(1)
The Psychoanalytic Model	416	(1)
The Cognitive---Behavioral Model	417	(1)
The Diathesis-Stress Model and Systems Theory	417	(1)
Classifying Abnormal Behavior	418	(1)
The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders	418	(1)
Mood Disorders	419	(4)
Depression	419	(1)
Suicide	420	(1)
Mania and Bipolar Disorder	421	(1)
Causes of Mood Disorders	422	(1)
Anxiety Disorders	423	(4)
Specific Phobias	423	(1)
Panic Disorder	424	(1)
Other Anxiety Disorders	425	(1)
Causes of Anxiety Disorders	426	(1)
Psychosomatic and Somatoform Disorders	427	(2)
Dissociative Disorders	429	(2)
Sexual and Gender-Identity Disorders	431	(2)
Personality Disorders	433	(3)
Schizophrenic Disorders	436	(3)
Childhood Disorders	439	(1)
Gender and Cultural Differences in Abnormal Behavior	440	(4)
Insight Therapies	444	(7)
Psychoanalysis	445	(2)
Client-Centered Therapy	447	(2)
Gestalt Therapy	449	(1)
Recent Developments	450	(1)
Behavior Therapies	451	(2)
Using Classical Conditioning Techniques	451	(1)
Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning	452	(1)
Therapies Based on Modeling	453	(1)
Cognitive Therapies	453	(2)
Stress-Inoculation Therapy	454	(1)
Rational-Emotive Therapy	454	(1)
Beck's Cognitive Therapy	455	(1)
Group Therapies	455	(2)
Self-Help Groups	456	(1)
Family Therapy	456	(1)
Couple Therapy	457	(1)
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy	457	(2)
Biological Treatments	459	(5)
Drug Therapies	460	(3)
Electroconvulsive Therapy	463	(1)
Psychosurgery	464	(1)
Caring for the Seriously Disturbed and Preventing Disorders	464	(4)
Deinstitutionalization	465	(1)
Alternative Forms of Treatment	466	(1)
Prevention	467	(1)
Client Diversity and Treatment	468	(6)
Gender and Treatmen	468	(1)
Culture and Treatment	469	(5)
Social Cognition	474	(8)
Forming Impressions	474	(1)
Attribution	474	(5)
Interpersonal Attraction	479	(3)
Attitudes	482	(10)
The Nature of Attitudes	482	(2)
Prejudice and Discrimination	484	(4)
Changing Attitudes	488	(4)
Social Influence	492	(5)
Cultural Influences	492	(1)
Conformity	492	(3)
Compliance	495	(1)
Obedience	496	(1)
Social Action	497	(9)
Deindividuation	498	(1)
Helping Behavior	498	(2)
Groups and Decision Making	500	(4)
Organizational Behavior	504	(2)
Glossary	506	(15)
References	521	(47)
Photo Credits	568	(1)
Index	569

Excerpts

We are pleased to introduceBasic Psychology,one of the texts in the Prentice Hall Portfolio Editions series. This series offers concise, value-priced, paperback textbooks on a variety of subjects. InBasic Psychology,our goal is to present the core information about introductory psychology in a straightforward, no-frills format, using engaging language that the average student can easily comprehend.Basic Psychology's brevity and affordability offer a low-cost alternative to students, and flexibility to instructors who want to incorporate other materials or activities into the course. STREAMLINED PEDAGOGYIn keeping with the goals of this text, we have streamlined the pedagogy inBasic Psychologyto include a few key pedagogical features that will assist students in understanding the material: AChapter Outlineprovides students with a road map at the beginning of each chapter. Illustrationsof key concepts clarify complex processes with step-by-step explanations, particularly in the areas of neuroscience (Chapter 2), sensation and perception (Chapter 3), and memory (Chapter 6). Summary Tablesprovide concise reviews of the most important concepts. Key termsare printed in boldface and defined in the margin where they first appear, and are listed again at the end of chapters. AGlossaryat the end of the text provides a comprehensive listing of all the key terms and their definitions. INTEGRATED COVERAGE OF CULTURE AND DIVERSITY For today's students and instructors of introductory psychology, diversity is more than simply an issue for discussion and debate; it is a daily reality. The challenge confronting any textbook author is to satisfy a heterogeneous audience without becoming trendy or unscientific. Over the last several years, the body of research examining issues of diversity has grown to significant levels. We have incorporated a wide range of material relating to diversity throughoutBasic Psychology--both diversity within the North American population, and diversity across cultures worldwide. Some of this material includes: a section on "Human Diversity" in Chapter 1; information on culture and success in school in Chapter 7; coverage of women in the workforce in Chapter 9; a discussion of "Socioeconomic and Gender Differences in Coping with Stress" including the "tend-and-befriend" response among women in Chapter 11; recent material on cultural differences in abnormal behavior in Chapter 12; material on cultural differences in prevention programs, and recent statistics on gender differences in willingness to seek treatment in Chapter 13; a discussion of racism, recent research on cross-cultural differences in attribution, and information on cross-cultural replication of Milgram's research in Chapter 14.