Basic Virology, 3rd Edition

by Edward K. Wagner (Univ. of California, Irvine); Martinez J. Hewlett (Univ. of Arizona); David C. Bloom (University of Florida); David Camerini (University of California, Irvine)

• ISBN13: 9781444308891
• ISBN10: 1444308890
• Additional ISBN(s): 9781405147156
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2009-03-01
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

Ideal for the student seeking a solid understanding of the basic principles in this rapidly developing field, this best-selling text offers a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of virology. Featuring an enhanced art program now in full-color, the new edition has been updated throughout. New edition incorporates additional reading suggestions, expanded review questions, chapter outlines and full-colour artwork Contains new chapters dealing with viruses and cancer, generation and use of recombinant viruses and virus-like particles, viral evolution, network biology and viruses, and animal models and transgenics, as well as a chapter devoted to HIV and AIDS Downloadable artwork, original animations and online resources are available at www.blackwellpublishing.com/wagner

Table of Contents

Preface to the First Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the Third Edition

Acknowledgments

Virology and Viral Disease

Introduction - the Impact of Viruses on Our View of Life 2

The Science Of Virology

The Effect of Virus Infections on the Host Organism and Populations - Viral Pathogenesis, Virulence, and Epidemiology

The Interaction Between Viruses and Their Hosts

The History of Virology

Examples of the Impact of Viral Disease on Human History

Examples of the Evolutionary Impact of the Virus-Host Interaction

The Origin of Viruses

Viruses Have a Constructive as Well as Destructive Impact on Society

Viruses are Not the Smallest Self-replicating Pathogens

An Outline of Virus Replication and Viral Pathogenesis

Virus Replication

Stages of Virus Replication in the Cell

Pathogenesis Of Viral Infection

Stages of Virus-induced Pathology

Virus Disease in Populations and Individual Animals

The Nature Of Virus Reservoirs

Some Viruses with Human Reservoirs

Some Viruses with Vertebrate Reservoirs

Viruses In Populations

Viral Epidemiology in Small and Large Populations

Factors Affecting the Control of Viral Disease in Populations

Animal Models To Study Viral Pathogenesis

A Mouse Model for Studying Poxvirus Infection and Spread

Rabies: Where is the Virus During its Long Incubation Period?

Herpes Simplex Virus Latency

Patterns of Some Viral Diseases of Humans

The Stable Association of Viruses with their Natural Host Places Specific Constraints on the Nature of Viral Disease and Mode of Persistence

Classification of Human Disease-Causing Viruses According to Virus-Host Dynamics

Patterns Of Specific Viral Diseases Of Humans

Acute Infections Followed by Virus Clearing

Infection of an "Accidental" Target Tissue Leading to Permanent Damage Despite Efficient Clearing

Persistent Viral Infections

Viral and Subviral Diseases with Long Incubation Periods

Some Viral Infections Targeting Specific Organ Systems

Viral Infections of Nerve Tissue

Examples of Viral Encephalitis with Grave Prognosis

Viral Encephalitis with Favorable Prognosis for Recovery

Viral Infections of the Liver

Problems For Part I

Additional Reading For Part I

Basic Properties of Viruses and Virus-Cell Interaction

Virus Structure and Classification

The Features Of A Virus

Viral Genomes

Viral Capsids

Viral Envelopes

Classification Schemes

The Baltimore Scheme of Virus Classification

Disease-based Classification Schemes for Viruses

The Virosphere

The Beginning and End of the Virus Replication Cycle

Outline of the Virus Replication Cycle

Viral Entry

Mechanisms of Entry of Nonenveloped Viruses

Entry of Enveloped Viruses

Entry of Virus into Plant Cells

Injection of Bacteriophage DNA into Escherichia coli

Nonspecific Methods of Introducing Viral Genomes into Cells

Late Events In Viral Infection: Capsid Assembly And Virion Release

Assembly of Helical Capsids

Assembly of Icosahedral Capsids

Generation of the Virion Envelope and Egress of the Enveloped Virion

Host Immune Response to Viral Infection - The Nature of the Vertebrate Immune Response

The Innate Immune Response - Early Defense Against Pathogens

Toll-like Receptors

Defensins

The Adaptive Immune Response And The Lymphatic System

Two Pathways of Helper T Response: the Fork in the Road

The Immunological Structure of a Protein

Role of the Antigen-presenting Cell in Initiation of the Immune Response

Control And Dysfunction Of Immunity

Specific Viral Responses to Host Immunity

Consequences of Immune Suppression to Virus Infections

Measurement Of The Immune Reaction

Measurement of Cell-mediated (T-cell) Immunity

Measurement of Antiviral Antibody

Strategies to Protect Against and Combat Viral Infection

Vaccination - Induction Of Immunity To Prevent Virus Infection

Antiviral Vaccines

Smallpox and the History of Vaccination

How a Vaccine is Produced

Problems with Vaccine Production and Use

Eukaryotic Cell-Based Defenses Against Virus Replication

Interferon

Other Cellular Defenses against Viral Infection

Antiviral Drugs

Targeting Antiviral Drugs to Specific Features of the Virus Replication Cycle

Other Approaches

Bacterial Antiviral Systems - Restriction Endonucleases

Problems For Part Ii

Additional Reading For Part Ii

Working with Virus

Visualization and Enumeration of Virus Particles

Using the Electron Microscope to Study and Count Viruses

Atomic Force Microscopy - A Rapid and Sensitive Method for Visualization of Viruses and Infected Cells, Potentially in Real Time

Indirect Methods for "Counting" Virus Particles

Replicating and Measuring Biological Activity of Viruses

Cell Culture Techniques

Culture of Animal and Human Cells

The Outcome Of Virus Infection In Cells

Fate of the Virus

Fate of the Cell Following Virus Infection

Measurement Of The Biological Activity Of Viruses

Quantitative Measure of Infectious Centers

Use of Virus Titers to Quantitatively Control Infection Conditions

Dilution Endpoint Methods

Physical and Chemical Manipulation of the Structural Components of Viruses

Viral Structural Proteins

Isolation of Structural Proteins of the Virus

Size Fractionation of Viral Structural Proteins

Characterizing Viral Genomes

Sequence Analysis of Viral Genomes

Measuring the Size of Viral Genomes

The Polymerase Chain Reaction - Detection and Characterization of Extremely Small Quantities of Viral Genomes or Transcripts

Characterization of Viral Products Expressed in the Infected Cell

Characterization Of Viral Proteins In The Infected Cell

Pulse Labeling of Viral Proteins at Different Times Following Infection

Use of Immune Reagents for Study of Viral Proteins

Detecting And Characterizing Viral Nucleic Acids In Infected Cells

Characterization of Viral mRNA Expressed During Infection

Use Of Microarray Technology For Getting A Complete Picture Of The Events Occurring In The Infected Cell

Viruses Use Cellular Processes to Express Their Genetic Information

Prokaryotic DNA Replication is an Accurate Enzymatic Model for the Process Generally

Expression of mRNA

Prokaryotic Transcription

Eukaryotic Transcription

The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis

Problems For Part Iii

Additional Reading For Part Iii

Replication Patterns of Specific Viruses

Replication of Positive-sense RNA Viruses

RNA Viruses - General Considerations

A General Picture of RNA-Directed RNA Replication

Replication Of Positive-Sense Rna Viruses Whose Genomes Are Translated As The First Step In Gene Expression

Positive-Sense Rna Viruses Encoding A Single Large Open Reading Frame

Picornavirus Replication

Flavivirus Replication

Positive-sense RNA Viruses Encoding More than One Translational Reading Frame

Two Viral mRNAs are Produced in Different Amounts During Togavirus Infections

A Somewhat More Complex Scenario of Multiple Translational Reading Frames and Subgenomic mRNA Expression: Coronavirus Replication

Replication Of Plant Viruses With Rna Genomes

Viruses with One Genome Segment

Viruses with Two Genome Segments

Viruses with Three Genome Segments

Replication Of Bacteriophage With Rna Genomes

Regulated Translation of Bacteriophage mRNA

Replication Strategies of RNA Viruses Requiring RNA-directed mRNA Transcription as the First Step in Viral Gene Expression

Paramyxoviruses

Filoviruses and their Pathogenesis

Bornaviruses

Influenza Viruses - Negative-Sense Rna Viruses With A Multipartite Genome

Involvement of the Nucleus in Flu Virus Replication

Generation of New Flu Nucleocapsids and Maturation of the Virus

Influenza A Epidemics

Other Negative-Sense Rna Viruses With Multipartite Genomes

Bunyaviruses

Arenaviruses

Viruses With Double-Stranded Rna Genomes

Reovirus Structure

Reovirus Replication Cycle

Pathogenesis

Subviral Pathogens

Hepatitis Delta Virus

Viroids

Prions

Replication Strategies of Small and Medium-sized DNA Viruses

DNA Viruses Express Genetic Information and Replicate Their Genomes in Similar, Yet Distinct, Ways

Papovavirus Replication

Replication of SV40 Virus - The Model Polyomavirus

Replication of Papillomaviruses

Replication of Adenoviruses

Physical Properties of Adenovirus

The Adenovirus Replication Cycle

Replication of Some Single-stranded DNA Viruses

Replication of Parvoviruses

DNA Viruses Infecting Vascular Plants

Single-stranded DNA Bacteriophage X174 Packages its Genes Very Compactly

Replication of Some Nuclear-replicating Eukaryotic DNA Viruses with Large Genomes

Herpesvirus Replication And Latency

The Herpesviruses as A Group

The Replication of the Prototypical Alpha-Herpesvirus - HSV

HSV Latency and LAT

EBV Latent Infection of Lymphocytes, A Different Set of Problems and Answers

Pathology of Herpesvirus Infections

Baculovirus, An Insect Virus With Important Practical Uses In Molecular Biology

Virion Structure

Viral Gene Expression and Genome Replication

Pathogenesis

Importance of Baculoviruses in Biotechnology

Replication of Cytoplasmic DNA Viruses and "Large" Bacteriophages

Poxviruses - DNA Viruses That Replicate In The Cytoplasm Of Eukaryotic Cells

The Pox Virion is Complex and Contains Virus-coded Transcription Enzymes

The Poxvirus Replication Cycle

Pathogenesis and History of Poxvirus Infections

Is Smallpox Virus A Potential Biological Terror Weapon?

Replication Of Large DNA-Containing Bacteriophages

Components of Large DNA-containing Phage Virions

Replication of Phage T7

T4 Bacteriophage: the Basic Model for All DNA Viruses

Replication of Phage : a "Simple" Model for Latency and Reactivation

A Group Of Algal Viruses Shares Features Of Its Genome Structure With Poxviruses And Bacteriophages

Retroviruses: Converting RNA to DNA

Retrovirus Families And Their Strategies Of Replication

The Molecular Biology of Retrovirus

Replication of Retroviruses: An Outline of the Replication Process

Viral Gene Expression, Assembly, and Maturation

Mechanisms Of Retrovirus Transformation

Transformation through the Action of A Viral Oncogene - A Subverted Cellular Growth Control Gene

Oncornavirus Alteration of Normal Cellular Transcriptional Control of Growth Regulation

Oncornavirus Transformation by Growth Stimulation of Neighboring Cells

Cellular Genetic Elements Related To Retroviruses

Retrotransposons

The Relationship Between Transposable Elements and Viruses

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and Related Lentiviruses

HIV-1 and Related Lentiviruses

The Origin of HIV-1 and AIDS

HIV-1 and Lentiviral Replication

Destruction of the Immune System by HIV-1

Hepadnaviruses: Variations on the Retrovirus Theme

The Virion and the Viral Genome

The Viral Replication Cycle

The Pathogenesis of Hepatitis B Virus

A Plant "Hepadnavirus": Cauliflower Mosaic Virus

The Evolutionary Origin of Hepadnaviruses

Problems For Part Iv

Additional Reading For Part Iv

Viruses: New Approaches and New Problems

The Molecular Genetics of Viruses

Mutations in Genes and Resulting Changes to Proteins

Analysis of Mutations

Isolation of Mutants

A Tool Kit For Molecular Virologists

Viral Genomes

Locating Sites of Restriction Endonuclease Cleavage On the Viral Genome - Restriction Mapping

Cloning Vectors

Directed Mutagenesis of Viral Genes

Generation of Recombinant Viruses

Molecular Pathogenesis

An Introduction To The Study Of Viral Pathogenesis

Animal Models

Choosing a model: Natural Host vs. Surrogate Models

Development of New Models: Transgenic Animals

Hybrid Models: the SCID-hu Mouse

Considerations Regarding the Humane Use of Animals

Methods For The Study Of Pathogenesis

Assays of Virulence

Analysis of Viral Spread within the Host

Resolving the Infection to the Level of Single Cells

Characterization Of The Host Response

Immunological Assays

Use of Transgenic Mice to Dissect Critical Components of the Host Immune Response That Modulate the Viral Infection

Viral Bioinformatics and Beyond

Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics and Virology

Biological Databases

Primary Databases

Secondary Databases

Composite Databases

Other Databases

Biological Applications

Similarity Searching Tools

Protein Functional Analysis

Sequence Analysis

Structural Modeling

Structural Analysis

Systems Biology And Viruses

Viral Internet Resources

Viruses and the Future - Promises and Problems

Clouds on the Horizon - Emerging Disease

What are the Prospects of Using Medical Technology to Eliminate Specific Viral and Other Infectious Diseases?

Silver Linings - Viruses as Therapeutic Agents

Why Study Virology?

Problems For Part V

Additional Reading For Part V

Appendix: Resource Center

Books of Historical and Basic Value

Books on Virology

Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Texts

Detailed Sources

Sources for Experimental Protocols

The Internet

Technical Glossary

Index

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