Basics of Aerothermodynamics

by Hirschel, Ernst Heinrich

• ISBN13: 9783540221326
• ISBN10: 3540221328
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-11-30
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

The basics of aerothermodynamics are treated in this book with special regard to the fact that outer surfaces of hypersonic vehicles primarily are radiation cooled. The implications of this fact are different for different vehicle classes. In any case the properties of both attached viscous and separated flows are of importance in this regard. After a discussion of flight environment and transport phenomena in general, the most important aerothermodynamic phenomena are treated. Thermal surface effects are particularly considered, taking into account both radiation cooling and/or active cooling, for example of inner surfaces. Finally the simulation means of aerothermodynamics are discussed. Computational methods and their modelling problems as well as the problems of ground facility and flight simulation, including the hot experimental technique, are treated.

Table of Contents

1 Introduction	1	(14)
1.1 Classes of Hypersonic Vehicles and their Aerothermodynamic Peculiarities	1	(4)
1.2 RV-Type and CAV-Type Flight Vehicles as Reference Vehicles	5	(3)
1.3 The Objectives of Aerothermodynamics	8	(1)
1.4 The Thermal State of the Surface and Radiation-Cooled Outer Surfaces as Focal Points	9	(3)
1.5 Scope and Content of the Book	12	(1)
References	13	(2)
2 The Flight Environment	15	(14)
2.1 The Earth Atmosphere	15	(3)
2.2 Atmospheric Properties and Models	18	(3)
2.3 Flow Regimes	21	(4)
2.4 Problems	25	(1)
References	26	(3)
3 The Thermal State of the Surface	29	(40)
3.1 Definitions	29	(4)
3.2 The Radiation-Adiabatic Surface	33	(21)
3.2.1 Introduction and Local Analysis	33	(6)
3.2.2 The Radiation-Adiabatic Surface and Reality	39	(3)
3.2.3 Qualitative Behaviour of the Radiation-Adiabatic Temperature on Real Configurations	42	(2)
3.2.4 Non-Convex Effects	44	(4)
3.2.5 Scaling of the Radiation-Adiabatic Temperature	48	(3)
3.2.6 Some Parametric Considerations of the Radiation-Adiabatic Temperature	51	(3)
3.3 Case Study: Thermal State of the Surface of a Blunt Delta Wing	54	(9)
3.3.1 Configuration and Computation Cases	54	(4)
3.3.2 Topology of the Computed Skin-Friction and Velocity Fields
3.3.3 The Computed Radiation-Adiabatic Temperature Field	58	(5)
3.4 Results of Analysis of the Thermal State of the Surface in View of Flight-Vehicle Design	63	(1)
3.5 Problems	64	(2)
References	66	(3)
4 Transport of Momentum, Energy and Mass	69	(32)
4.1 Transport Phenomena	70	(4)
4.2 Transport Properties	74	(7)
4.2.1 Introduction	74	(1)
4.2.2 Viscosity	75	(1)
4.2.3 Thermal Conductivity	76	(2)
4.2.4 Mass Diffusivity	78	(2)
4.2.5 Computation Models	80	(1)
4.3 Equations of Motion, Initial Conditions, Boundary Conditions, and Similarity Parameters	81	(17)
4.3.1 Transport of Momentum	81	(6)
4.3.2 Transport of Energy	87	(7)
4.3.3 Transport of Mass	94	(4)
4.4 Remarks on Similarity Parameters	98	(1)
4.5 Problems	99	(1)
References	99	(2)
5 Real-Gas Aerothermodynamic Phenomena	101	(34)
5.1 Van der Waals Effects	102	(2)
5.2 High-Temperature Real-Gas Effects	104	(4)
5.3 Dissociation and Recombination	108	(1)
5.4 Thermal and Chemical Rate Processes	108	(5)
5.5 Rate Effects, Two Examples	113	(8)
5.5.1 Normal Shock Wave in Presence of Rate Effects	113	(3)
5.5.2 Nozzle Flow in a "Hot" Ground-Simulation Facility	116	(5)
5.6 Surface Catalytic Recombination	121	(6)
5.7 A Few Remarks on Simulation Issues	127	(1)
5.8 Computation Models	128	(2)
5.9 Problems	130	(1)
References	131	(4)
6 Inviscid Aerothermodynamic Phenomena	135	(64)
6.1 Hypersonic Flight Vehicles and Shock Waves	136	(5)
6.2 One-Dimensional Shock-Free Flow	141	(5)
6.3 Shock Waves	146	(17)
6.3.1 Normal Shock Waves	146	(6)
6.3.2 Oblique Shock Waves	152	(9)
6.3.3 Treatment of Shock Waves in Computational Methods	161	(2)
6.4 Blunt-Body Flow	163	(11)
6.4.1 Bow-Shock Stand-Off Distance at a Blunt Body	163	(6)
6.4.2 The Entropy Layer at a Blunt Body	169	(5)
6.5 Supersonic Turning: Prandtl-Meyer Expansion and Isentropic Compression	174	(4)
6.6 Change of Unit Reynolds Number Across Shock Waves	178	(3)
6.7 Newton Flow	181	(7)
6.7.1 Basics of Newton Flow	181	(3)
6.7.2 Modification Schemes, Application Aspects	184	(4)
6.8 Mach-Number Independence Principle of Oswatitsch	188	(6)
6.9 Problems	194	(2)
References	196	(3)
7 Attached High-Speed Viscous Flow	199	(64)
7.1 Attached Viscous Flow	200	(23)
7.1.1 Attached Viscous Flow as Flow Phenomenon	200	(1)
7.1.2 Some Properties of Three-Dimensional Attached Viscous Flow	201	(1)
7.1.3 Boundary-Layer Equations	202	(8)
7.1.4 Global Characteristic Properties of Attached Viscous Flow	210	(3)
7.1.5 Wall Compatibility Conditions	213	(4)
7.1.6 The Reference Temperature/Enthalpy Method for Compressible Boundary Layers	217	(2)
7.1.7 Equations of Motion for Hypersonic Attached Viscous Flow	219	(4)
7.2 Basic Properties of Attached Viscous Flow	223	(28)
7.2.1 Boundary-Layer Thicknesses and Integral Parameters	223	(13)
7.2.2 Boundary-Layer Thickness at Stagnation Point and Attachment Lines	236	(2)
7.2.3 Wall Shear Stress at Flat Surface Portions	238	(4)
7.2.4 Wall Shear Stress at Attachment Lines	242	(3)
7.2.5 Thermal State of Flat Surface Portions	245	(3)
7.2.6 Thermal State of Stagnation Point and Attachment Lines	248	(3)
7.3 Case Study: Wall Temperature and Skin Friction at the SANGER Forebode	251	(6)
7.4 Problems	257	(1)
References	258	(5)
8 Laminar-Turbulent Transition and Turbulence in High-Speed Viscous Flow	263	(48)
8.1 Laminar-Turbulent Transition as Hypersonic Flow Phenomenon	266	(28)
8.1.1 Some Basic Observations	267	(3)
8.1.2 Outline of Stability Theory	270	(3)
8.1.3 Inviscid Stability Theory and the Point-of-Inflexion Criterion	273	(2)
8.1.4 Influence of the Thermal State of the Surface and the Mach Number	275	(3)
8.1.5 Real Flight-Vehicle Effects	278	(13)
8.1.6 Environment Aspects	291	(3)
8.2 Prediction of Stability/Instability and Transition in High-Speed Flows	294	(7)
8.2.1 Stability/Instability Theory and Methods	294	(2)
8.2.2 Transition Models and Criteria	296	(4)
8.2.3 Determination of Permissible Surface Properties	300	(1)
8.2.4 Concluding Remarks	300	(1)
8.3 Turbulence Modeling for High-Speed Flows	301	(2)
References	303	(8)
9 Strong Interaction Phenomena	311	(46)
9.1 Flow Separation	312	(6)
9.2 Shock/Boundary-Layer Interaction Phenomena	318	(14)
9.2.1 Ramp-Type (Edney Type V and VI) Interaction	319	(9)
9.2.2 Nose/Leading-Edge-type (Edney Type III and IV) Interaction	328	(4)
9.3 Hypersonic Viscous Interaction	332	(12)
9.4 Low-Density Effects	344	(6)
9.5 Problems	350	(1)
References	350	(7)
10 Simulation Means	357	(24)
10.1 Some Notes on Flight Vehicle Design	357	(7)
10.2 Computational Simulation	364	(5)
10.3 Ground-Facility Simulation	369	(4)
10.4 In-Flight Simulation	373	(1)
References	374	(7)
11 The RHPM-Flyer	381	(4)
References	383	(2)
12 Governing Equations for Flow in General Coordinates	385	(4)
References	388	(1)
13 Constants, Functions, Dimensions and Conversions	389	(4)
13.1 Constants and Air Properties	389	(1)
13.2 Dimensions and Conversions	390	(2)
References	392	(1)
14 Symbols	393	(8)
14.1 Latin Letters	393	(2)
14.2 Greek Letters	395	(2)
14.3 Indices	397	(2)
14.3.1 Upper Indices	397	(1)
14.3.2 Lower Indices	397	(2)
14.4 Other Symbols	399	(1)
14.5 Acronyms	399	(2)
Name Index	401	(6)
Subject Index	407	(6)
Permissions	413