The Basques, the Catalans and Spain

by Conversi, Daniele

• ISBN13: 9780874173628
• ISBN10: 0874173620
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-08-01
• Publisher: Univ of Nevada Pr

Summary

Daniele Conversi's book is a comprehensive introduction to Basque and Catalan nationalism. The two movements have much in common but have differed in the strategies adopted to further their cause. Basque nationalism, in the shape of the military wing of ETA, took the path of violence, spawning an efficient terrorist campaign. Catalan nationalism, by contrast, is generally more accommodating and peaceful.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Glossary	xi
Note on the Maps	xv
Introduction	1	(10)
General orientations	4	(2)
Definitions, sources and methods	6	(2)
Plan	8	(3)
From the Founding of Catalan Nationalism to the Civil War	11	(33)
The Renaixenca (1840s-1870s)	13	(4)
Almirall and the federalist tradition	17	(3)
From the Lliga de Catalunya to 1898	20	(2)
Barcelona fin de siecle: a flourishing cultural life	22	(3)
The crisis of 1898 and the rise of conservative nationalism	25	(2)
Catalan solidarity, anti-Catalan populism and the failure of popular regionalism	27	(3)
Catalanism's maturity, Prat and the Mancomunitat (1914-1917)	30	(3)
Culture and politics: the Noucentista experience	33	(3)
The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923-1930)	36	(2)
The Second Republic (1931-1939)	38	(6)
Basque Nationalism from its Beginnings to the Civil War	44	(36)
The structural pre-conditions	45	(3)
Industrialisation	48	(2)
Euskaros and Euskalerriacos: an aborted Basque renaissance	50	(3)
Arana's legacy	53	(6)
Arana the racialist	59	(2)
Arana the believer	61	(3)
Arana the philologist	64	(4)
The first nationalist victories	68	(2)
The first Congress of Basque Studies (1918) and the nationalists' internal tensions	70	(3)
Under Primo de Rivera	73	(2)
Basque nationalism under the Republic	75	(5)
Euskadi: Dictatorship, Resistance and Resurrection	80	(29)
The darkest years	80	(3)
From Ekin to ETA (1952-1959)	83	(7)
The origins of ETA: its first steps and ideology (1959-1968)	90	(3)
A double shift: from religion to secularism, from Americanism to Marxism	93	(5)
The beginning of armed struggle	98	(6)
From Marxism back to nationalism	104	(5)
Catalonia under Franco	109	(32)
The drive to cultural homogeneity (1939-1942)	109	(6)
A slow recovery (1942-1959)	115	(3)
Economic `miracle', immigration and language revival	118	(7)
Paradoxes of a secular society: the Church as refuge of the nation	125	(5)
Paradoxes of internationalism: the Communists as makers of the nation	130	(1)
The students between nationalism and radical fragmentation	131	(2)
The vitality of Catalanist social networks: the Scout movement, hiking groups, football supporters, neighbourhood associations	133	(3)
The unitary front and the regime's agony (1970-1975)	136	(5)
The Transition to Democracy: From Clandestine Action to the European Community (1975-1986)	141	(21)
Franco's death and the beginning of the `Transition'	141	(2)
Spain's path to devolution: from the Constitution to the Comunidades Autonomas	143	(3)
The ghost of Spanish nationalism	146	(2)
The end of the PNV's monopoly over Basque nationalism	148	(1)
Herri Batasuna: the universe of anti-state protest	149	(4)
Basque and Catalan social networks	153	(3)
New developments in language planning	156	(6)
Language and Other Values	162	(25)
Core values and key symbols	164	(3)
The cultural roots of nationalism	167	(2)
Catalonia: language as a unitary bond	169	(4)
Euskadi: out of assimilation, fragmentation	173	(5)
Race and the concept of collective nobility	178	(4)
The re-emergence of language	182	(5)
Nationalism and Immigration in Catalonia and the Basque Country	187	(35)
Catalonia: historical background	188	(8)
Catalonia terra de pas	188	(5)
The failure of racism in Catalonia	193	(3)
Basque country: historical background	196	(7)
Immigration, centralism and modernity	196	(4)
The end of traditional society: forerunners of a violent upheaval	200	(3)
Basque country: contemporary period	203	(5)
Voluntary action and political struggle as avenues of national integration	203	(2)
Conflicting parameters of Basque identity: some data	205	(3)
Catalonia: contemporary period	208	(14)
Mass migration and the limits of cultural integration	208	(4)
The spread of Catalan	212	(2)
Catalan identity: a dynamic process	214	(3)
Comparative trends	217	(5)
The Roots of Violence	222	(35)
Violence not endemic to Basque society	222	(4)
The separatist dimension	226	(2)
State repression: the legacy of the past	228	(3)
State repression: the impact on the present	231	(3)
The ideological consequences of fragmentation: ETA's internecine conflict	234	(2)
Fear of cultural annihilation	236	(4)
Nationalism: cultural, political and military	240	(3)
Other reinforcing factors	243	(4)
Declining legitimacy of the state and the persisting legitimacy of ETA during the Transition	247	(2)
The dynamics of political violence	249	(8)
Conclusion	257	(13)
Fragmented constituencies and authoritarian leadership	260	(3)
Immigration	263	(2)
Language maintenance	265	(2)
Nationalism as border-making	267	(3)
Bibliography	270	(31)
Index	301