Battery Technology Handbook

by Kiehne; H.A.

• ISBN13: 9780824742492
• ISBN10: 0824742494
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-08-29
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

This practical reference remains the most comprehensive guide to the fundamental theories, techniques, and strategies used for battery operation and design. It includes new and revised chapters focusing on the safety, performance, quality, and enhancement of various batteries and battery systems. From automotive, electrochemical, and high-energy applications to system implementation, selection, and standardization, the Second Edition presents expert discussions on electrochemical energy storage, the advantages of battery-powered traction, the disposal and recycling of used batteries, hazard prevention, and the chemistry and physics of lithium primary batteries.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition	iii
Preface to the First Edition	v
Contributors	xix
I. Fundamentals and Theory, Running Techniques, Applications, and Outlook: Traction Batteries, Stationary Batteries, and Charging Methods
1 Electrochemical Energy Storage	1	(100)
D. Berndt
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 The Electrochemical Cell and the Cell Reaction	2	(2)
1.3 Fundamental Laws	4	(17)
1.3.1 Parameters that Influence the Cell Reaction	4	(1)
1.3.2 Equilibrium or Thermodynamic Parameters	5	(5)
1.3.3 Current Flow, Kinetic Parameters, and Polarization	10	(11)
1.4 Heat Effects	21	(16)
1.4.1 The Reversible Heat Effect	21	(1)
1.4.2 Current Related Heat Effects (Joule Heating)	22	(1)
1.4.3 Heat Generation in Total	23	(1)
1.4.4 Examples for Heat Generation in Batteries	23	(9)
1.4.5 Heating of the Battery and Heat Capacity	32	(1)
1.4.6 Heat Dissipation	32	(5)
1.5 General Terms and Characteristics	37	(3)
1.5.1 Cathodic/Anodic	37	(1)
1.5.2 Cell/Battery	38	(1)
1.5.3 Active Material and Change of Volume	38	(1)
1.5.4 Nonactive Components	39	(1)
1.6 Battery Parameters	40	(8)
1.6.1 Voltage	41	(1)
1.6.2 Capacity	42	(2)
1.6.3 Energy Content	44	(1)
1.6.4 Specific Energy and Energy Density	44	(1)
1.6.5 Internal Resistance	44	(2)
1.6.6 Self-Discharge	46	(2)
1.7 General Aspects of Electrochemical Energy Storage	48	(2)
1.7.1 Electrolytes	49	(1)
1.8 Fundamental Aspects of Existing Battery Systems	50	(47)
1.8.1 Lead-Acid Batteries	50	(25)
1.8.2 Nickel/Cadmium Batteries	75	(6)
1.8.3 Nickel/Hydrogen Batteries	81	(4)
1.8.4 Nickel/Metal Hydride Batteries	85	(6)
1.8.5 Batteries of Particular Design	91	(6)
1.9 Final Remarks	97	(4)
References	98	(3)
2 Batteries for Electrically Powered Industrial Trucks	101	(18)
H. A. Kiehne
2.1 Introduction	101	(1)
2.2 Demands of the Market	101	(2)
2.3 Standardized Designs	103	(6)
2.4 Energy/Weight and Energy/Volume Ratios	109	(4)
2.5 Service Life and Economy	113	(1)
2.6 Charging Techniques	114	(1)
2.7 Maintenance	115	(1)
2.8 Summary and Outlook	115	(4)
References	118	(1)
3 Power Supply Concepts for Driverless Industrial Trucks	119	(18)
P. Preuss
3.1 The Importance of Driverless Industrial Trucks	119	(1)
3.2 Load Placed on Traction Batteries by Driverless Industrial Trucks	120	(2)
3.3 Traction Batteries for Driverless Industrial Trucks	122	(1)
3.4 Optimization of Temperature	122	(3)
3.4.1 Considerations on Battery Dimensioning	123	(1)
3.4.2 Estimating Battery Load Rating	123	(2)
3.5 The Choice of Battery	125	(2)
3.5.1 Maximum Permissible Capacity	125	(1)
3.5.2 Maximum Permissible Temperature in Battery Systems	126	(1)
3.5.3 Charging Requirements	126	(1)
3.6 Development of a Concept of Power Supply	127	(5)
3.6.1 Nature and Scope of Application Data	127	(2)
3.6.2 Processing and Transformation of Application Data	129	(3)
3.6.3 Comparison of System	132	(1)
3.7 Current State of Charging Technology	132	(2)
3.7.1 Methods of Control/Exchange of Information	133	(1)
3.7.2 Practical Example	133	(1)
3.8 Summary and Outlook	134	(3)
4 Batteries for Electric Road Vehicles	137	(18)
H. A. Kiehne
4.1 Introduction	137	(2)
4.2 Energy and Raw Materials	139	(1)
4.3 Solution to the Range Problem	140	(2)
4.4 Battery Requirements: Contributions to Solving the Problem	142	(3)
4.5 Alternatives to Lead-Acid Systems	145	(3)
4.6 Battery Systems of the Near Future	148	(3)
4.7 High-Temperature Batteries and Fuel Cells	151	(1)
4.8 Economic Viability	151	(3)
4.9 Outlook	154	(1)
References	154	(1)
5 Battery-Powered Traction: The User's Point of View	155	(32)
W . König
5.1 Introduction	155	(1)
5.2 General Remarks	156	(1)
5.3 Advantages of Battery-Powered Traction	156	(3)
5.3.1 Impacts of Operation and Environmental Concerns	156	(1)
5.3.2 Physical Advantages of Battery-Powered Traction	157	(1)
5.3.3 Survey on Service Cost Calculation	157	(2)
5.4 Demands on Batteries	159	(5)
5.4.1 Increase of Electrical Performance	161	(1)
5.4.2 Service Life	161	(1)
5.4.3 Maintenance	161	(1)
5.4.4 Purchasing Costs	162	(1)
5.4.5 Safety of Operation	163	(1)
5.4.6 Destinations of Types	163	(1)
5.5 Construction and Selection Criteria of Traction Batteries	164	(4)
5.5.1 Standard Design of Cells Conforming to an Older Standard DIN 43 567	164	(1)
5.5.2 Low-Maintenance Cells (Closed, but Not Sealed)	164	(1)
5.5.3 Low-Maintenance in Improved Cell Design with Higher Capacities	165	(1)
5.5.4 Special Design for Heavy Duty	166	(1)
5.5.5 Maintenance-Free Design Valve Regulated Cells	166	(2)
5.6 Charging of Traction Batteries	168	(5)
5.6.1 Regulations and Manuals	168	(1)
5.6.2 Chargers with Taper Characteristics	168	(1)
5.6.3 Chargers with Regulated Characteristics	169	(4)
5.7 Organization of Charge Operation	173	(3)
5.7.1 The Battery Room (Charging Room)	173	(1)
5.7.2 Battery Charging Station	174	(1)
5.7.3 Single Charge Point	174	(1)
5.7.4 Mobile Charge Stations	175	(1)
5.7.5 Protection Methods and Specifications	175	(1)
5.8 Peripheral Equipment	176	(4)
5.8.1 Venting Plugs	176	(1)
5.8.2 Electrolyte Level Indicator	176	(1)
5.8.3 Regulating Vents	176
5.8.4 Cell Connectors	116	(60)
5.8.5 Water Refill Equipment	176	(1)
5.8.6 Recombination Plugs	177	(1)
5.8.7 Connections	178	(1)
5.8.8 Capacity Indicators	178	(1)
5.8.9 Electronic Controllers	179	(1)
5.9 Quality Assurance of Batteries and Chargers	180	(1)
5.9.1 Capacity Tests	181	(1)
5.10 Maintenance and Upkeep	181	(3)
5.10.1 Traction Batteries	182	(1)
5.10.2 Chargers	183	(1)
5.11 Leasing of Batteries	184	(1)
5.12 Disposal of Batteries	184	(1)
5.13 Future Outlook	185	(1)
5.14 Conclusions	185	(1)
References	185	(2)
6 Safety Standards for Stationary Batteries and Battery Installations	187	(14)
H. Willmes
6.1 Introduction	187	(1)
6.2 Safety Standard DIN VDE 0510: "Accumulators and Battery Installations"	187	(2)
6.3 DIN VDE 0510 Part 1 (draft): "General"	189	(1)
6.4 DIN VDE 0510 Part 2: "Stationary Batteries and Battery Installations"	190	(7)
6.4.1 Hazards Caused by Electricity	190	(2)
6.4.2 Hazards Caused by the Electrolyte	192	(1)
6.4.3 Explosive Charging Gases/Ventilation of Battery Rooms	193	(4)
6.5 DIN VDE 0510 Part 3: "Traction Batteries for Electric Vehicles"	197	(1)
6.6 DIN VDE 0510 Part 5 (draft): "Batteries on Board Crafts or Vehicles"	197	(2)
6.7 DIN VDE 0510 Part 6: "Portable Batteries"	199	(1)
6.8 DIN VDE 0510 Part 4 (draft): "SLI-Starter Batteries"	199	(1)
6.9 International Standardization	200	(1)
References	200	(1)
7 Batteries for Stationary Power Supply	201	(28)
H. Franke
7.1 Introduction	201	(1)
7.2 Stationary Batteries	202	(2)
7.3 Cell and Plate Design	204	(3)
7.4 Characteristics	207	(13)
7.5 Selection of Stationary Batteries	220	(3)
7.6 Maintenance	223	(2)
7.7 Pole Sealing	225	(1)
7.8 Delivery Design	226	(1)
7.9 Future Aspects	226	(1)
References	226	(3)
8 The Operation of Batteries	229	(14)
U.-C. Stahl
8.1 Introduction	229	(1)
8.2 The Development of Power Supply for Telecommunications	230	(3)
8.3 Product Development and Products in Use	233	(1)
8.4 Concept of Energy Reserve	234	(1)
8.5 Operation Conditions	235	(2)
8.6 Battery Installation	237	(1)
8.7 Purchasing and Quality Management	238	(2)
8.8 Maintenance Activities in Battery Plants	240	(1)
8.9 Operation Experience	240	(3)
8.9.1 Vented Batteries	241	(1)
8.9.2 Valve-Regulated Batteries	241	(1)
8.9.3 Accidents	242	(1)
References	242	(1)
9 Motor Vehicle Starter Batteries 243
G. Sassmannhausen and E. Nann
9.1 The European Market	243	(1)
9.2 Tasks of a Motor Vehicle Starter Battery	244	(1)
9.3 Construction of a Vehicle Starter Battery	244	(3)
9.4 Active Masses of the Electrodes	247	(1)
9.5 The Manufacturing Process	247	(1)
9.6 Dimensions and Detailed Specifications	248	(1)
9.7 Mounting Position in the Motor Vehicle	248	(1)
9.8 Electrical Properties	249	(1)
9.9 Standardization of Battery Characteristics	249	(1)
9.10 New Development Requirements	249	(1)
9.11 Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries	250	(2)
9.12 Trends and Requirements for New Board-Net Batteries	252	(1)
9.13 Battery Sensor for Dynamic Energy Management	253	(1)
References	254	(1)
10 High Energy Batteries	255	(20)
C.-H. Dustmann
10.1 Introduction	255	(2)
10.2 ZEBRA Battery (Na/NiCl2)	257	(9)
10.2.1 Technology	257	(4)
10.2.2 ZEBRA Cell Design and Production	261	(1)
10.2.3 ZEBRA Battery Design and Production	262	(1)
10.2.4 Battery System Design	263	(1)
102.5 ZEBRA Battery Performance and Life Data	264	(1)
10.2.6 Battery Safety	264	(1)
10.2.7 Recycling	265	(1)
10.2.8 Applications	266	(1)
10.3 NaS Battery	266	(2)
10.3.1 Technology	266	(2)
10.4 Lithium-Ion Battery	268	(1)
10.4.1 Technology	268	(1)
10.5 Lithium-Polymer Battery	268	(2)
10.6 Other Battery Systems	270	(1)
10.7 Battery Overview	271	(1)
10.7.1 Minimum Requirements for EV Batteries	271	(1)
10.7.2 ZEV Life Cycle Costs Start to Be Competitive	272	(1)
10.8 Fuel Cells	272	(1)
References	273	(2)
11 Solar Electric Power Supply with Batteries	275	(16)
H. K. Köthe
11.1 Introduction	275	(1)
11.2 Dimensioning a Solar Electric System	276	(4)
11.2.1 Preconditions	276	(1)
11.2.2 Calculation of the Mean Consumption	276	(1)
11.2.3 Calculation of the Mean Supply	276	(1)
11.2.4 Calculation of the Capacity	277	(1)
11.2.5 Evaluation of the System	277	(3)
11.3 Design of Solar Electric Systems	280	(2)
11.3.1 The Power Source: The Solar Generator	280	(1)
11.3.2 System Design	281	(1)
11.3.3 The Isolating Diode	281	(1)
11.3.4 The Battery	282	(1)
11.3.5 The Operating System	282	(1)
11.4 Aspects for the Choice of the Battery	282	(2)
11.4.1 Power Rating	282	(1)
11.4.2 Feasible Battery Types	283	(1)
11.4.3 Application Technology	284	(1)
11.5 Designs of Operating Systems	284	(1)
11.5.1 Systems with Current Limitation	284	(1)
11.5.2 Systems with Voltage Limitation	284	(1)
11.5.3 Systems with Two-Step Regulators	284	(1)
11.6 Influence of Geographic Position	285	(1)
11.7 Summary	285	(4)
References	289	(2)
12 Charging Methods and Techniques: General Requirements and Selection of Chargers	291	(26)
E. Wehrle
12.1 The Battery's Requirements for the Charger	291	(1)
12.2 Technical Data and Terms	291	(5)
12.2.1 Battery Capacity, Discharge Current, and Charge Current	294	(1)
12.2.2 Charge Coefficient	294	(1)
12.2.3 Charging Time	294	(2)
12.2.4 Gassing Voltage	296	(1)
12.3 Characteristic Curves	296	(3)
12.3.1 Decreasing (Taper) Characteristics (W Type)	298	(1)
12.3.2 Increasing Characteristics (S Type)	298	(1)
12.3.3 Limited Characteristics	298	(1)
12.3.4 Constant Characteristics	299	(1)
12.3.5 Assembled Characteristics	299	(1)
12.4 Employment of Charging Methods	299	(11)
12.4.1 Installation and Operation of Batteries and Chargers	299	(1)
12.4.2 Demands of Vented Lead-Acid Accumulators	299	(1)
12.4.3 Demands of the Maintenance-Free Lead-Acid Battery	299	(1)
12.4.4 Demands of Vented Nickel/Cadmium Batteries	299	(1)
12.4.5 Charging Lead-Acid-Batteries According to the W Characteristic	300	(3)
12.4.6 Charging Lead-Acid Batteries Corresponding to the I Characteristic	303	(1)
12.4.7 Charging of Lead-Acid Accumulators According to the IUIa Characteristic	304	(1)
12.4.8 Charging According to the IU Characteristic	305	(1)
12.4.9 Charging of Nickel/Cadmium Batteries	306	(1)
12.4.10 Charging of Nickel/Cadmium Batteries to the I Characteristics	307	(1)
12.4.11 Charging Nickel/Cadmium Batteries According to the W Characteristic	307	(1)
12.4.12 Charging of NiCd/Batteries According to the IU Characteristic	308	(1)
12.4.13 Charging Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries	309	(1)
12.4.14 Charging Gas-Tight Nickel/Cadmium Batteries	310	(1)
12.5 Comparing Charging Methods for Lead Batteries	310	(1)
12.6 Installation Costs of Charging Devices	311	(1)
12.7 Guidelines for the Selection of Chargers	311	(1)
12.8 Special Demands and Recommendations for the Choice of Charger	311	(6)
12.8.1 Demands of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries	311	(1)
12.8.2 Demands of Modified Traction Batteries	312	(3)
References	315	(2)
13 Technical Aspects of Chargers and Current Transformers and Methods for Supervision	317	(18)
G. Will
13.1 Application of Battery Chargers	317	(1)
13.2 Characteristic Voltages of Lead-Acid and NiCd Batteries	318	(1)
13.3 Construction and Function of Battery Chargers	318	(7)
13.3.1 Controlled Battery Chargers	318	(6)
13.3.2 Uncontrolled Chargers	324	(1)
13.4 Chargers for Traction Batteries and Stationary Batteries in Switch Operation	325	(1)
13.5 Chargers for Stationary Batteries in Parallel Operation	326	(1)
13.6 Surveillance and Additional Devices	327	(2)
13.6.1 Mains Surveillance	328	(1)
13.6.2 DC Voltage Surveillance	328	(1)
13.6.3 Surveillance of the DC Voltage Waviness	329	(1)
13.6.4 Fuse Surveillance	329	(1)
13.6.5 Automated Charging	329	(1)
13.6.6 State-of-Charge Surveillance	329	(1)
13.7 Harmonic Oscillations and Reactive Power	329	(3)
13.7.1 Three-Phase Bridge Circuit	330	(1)
13.7.2 Primary-Chopped Switching Power Supply	331	(1)
13.8 Inverters for Ascertained Power Supply of Three-Phase Consumers	332	(3)
13.8.1 Inverters with Double-Phase Bridge Circuits	332	(2)
13.8.2 Inverters with Three-Phase Bridge Circuits	334	(1)
14 Standards and Regulations for Batteries and Battery Plants	335	(12)
H. A. Kiehne
14.1 Significance of Standards	335	(1)
14.2 National German Standards and Regulations	335	(2)
14.2.1 How Standards Come into Being	336	(1)
14.3 International Standards	337	(2)
14.3.1 International Electrotechnical Commission	337	(1)
14.3.2 EN Standards (CENELEC)	338	(1)
14.4 Product Standards, Testing Standards, and Safety Standards	339	(1)
14.5 Standards for Dry Batteries (Selection)	339	(1)
14.6 Standards for Starter Batteries (Selection)	340	(1)
14.6.1 Existing German National Standards (Selection)	340	(1)
14.6.2 IEC and EN Standards (Selection)	341	(1)
14.7 Standards for Traction Batteries (Selection)	341	(1)
14.7.1 Existing German National Standards (Selection)	341	(1)
14.7.2 IEC and EN Standards (Selection)	342	(1)
14.8 Standards for Stationary Lead-Acid Batteries (Selection)	342	(1)
14.8.1 Existing German National Standards (Selection)	342	(1)
14.8.2 IEC and EN Standards (Selection)	342	(1)
14.9 Standards for Portable Maintenance-Free, Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Cells	343	(1)
14.9.1 Existing German National Standards (Selection)	343	(1)
14.9.2 IEC and EN Standards (Selection)	343	(1)
14.10 Standards for Alkaline Accumulators (Selection)	343	(1)
14.10.1 Existing German National Standards (Selection)	343	(1)
14.l0.2 IEC and EN Standards (Selection)	343	(1)
14.11 VDE Regulations (Selection)	343	(1)
14.12 Other German Standards and Guidelines	344	(1)
14.13 Other International Standards and Committees	344	(1)
14.14 Significance of Standards and Regulations Regarding Manufacturer Liability	344	(3)
References	345	(2)
II. Portable Batteries
15 Batteries, an Overview and Outlook	347	(14)
H. A. Kiehne, D. Spahrbier, D. Sprengel, and W. Raudzsus
15.1 Terms, Definitions, and Characterizing Marks	347	(4)
15.2 Construction, Sizes, and Marking	351	(6)
15.2.1 Construction	351	(1)
15.2.2 The IEC Designation System for Primary Batteries Defined in IEC Standard 60 086 1	352	(5)
15.3 The Alkaline Manganese Cell	357	(1)
15.4 Regeneration/Recharging	358	(1)
15.5 A New Generation of Batteries: Lithium Primary Batteries	358	(2)
15.6 Outlook	360	(1)
References	360	(1)
16 Feasibility Study for Appliances 361
H. A. Kiehne and W. Raudzsus
16.1 Battery-Operated Appliances	361	(1)
16.2 Calculations to Estimate Capacity	362	(3)
16.3 Capacity of a Battery	365	(1)
16.4 The Most Important Load Profiles of Electric Appliances	366	(2)
16.4.1 Continuous Current Load	366	(1)
16.4.2 Intermittent Current Load	366	(1)
16.4.3 Severely Intermittent Load	366	(2)
16.4.4 Short Peak Currents	368	(1)
16.5 Influence of Self-Discharge and Temperature	368	(1)
16.5.1 Self Discharge	368	(1)
16.5.2 Influence of Temperature	368	(1)
16.6 Design Requirement Study	369	(1)
16.7 Description of Available Portable Batteries	370	(3)
16.7.1 Primary Cells	370	(3)
16.7.2 Secondary Cells, Accumulators	373	(1)
16.8 National and International Standardization	373	(1)
16.9 The Interchange-Program NiCd Cells and Primary Cells	374	(2)
16.10 Guidelines for Use and Maintenance	376	(2)
16.10.1 Primary Batteries	377	(1)
16.10.2 VRLA Batteries	377	(1)
16.10.3 NiCd Batteries	378	(1)
16.10.4 Nickel/Metal Hydride Batteries	378	(1)
16.10.5 Lithium Batteries	378	(1)
16.11 Summary	378	(3)
References	319	(62)
17 Maintenance-Free Lead Batteries with Immobilized Electrolyte 381
H. Tuphorn
17.1 Introduction	381	(1)
17.2 Fundamentals	382	(4)
17.2.1 Oxygen Recombination	384	(2)
17.3 Construction	386	(1)
17.4 Systems and Properties	386	(6)
17.4.1 Gel System	386	(2)
17.4.2 AGM System	388	(1)
7.4.3 System Comparison	388	(4)
17.5 Electrical Properties	392	(6)
17.5.1 Methods of Charging	392	(2)
17.5.2 Discharge Conditions	394	(1)
17.5.3 Life and Self Discharge	395	(2)
17.5.4 Deep Discharge Ability	397	(1)
17.6 Battery Types and Applications	398	(1)
17.7 Standards	399	(2)
References	400	(1)
18 Lithium Batteries: The Latest Variant of Portable Electrical Energy	401	(66)
W. Jacobi
18.1 Introduction	401	(1)
18.2 The Name "Lithium Battery"	402	(2)
18.3 The Lithium Battery's Special Advantages	404	(2)
18.3.1 High Cell Voltage	405	(1)
18.3.2 Energy Content by Weight: Specific Energy	405	(1)
18.3.3 Energy Content by Volume: Energy Density	405	(1)
18.3.4 Loadability	406	(1)
18.3.5 Discharge Characteristic	406	(1)
18.3.6 Deep Temperature Capability	406	(1)
18.3.7 Shelf Life	406	(1)
18.3.8 Environmental Compatibility	406	(1)
18.4 Chemistry and Physics of Lithium Primary Batteries	406	(7)
18.4.1 Properties of Anodic Metal Lithium	406	(2)
18.4.2 Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries	408	(5)
18.4.3 Cathodic Materials	413	(1)
18.5 Designs and Technology of Primary Lithium Batteries	413	(2)
18.6 Examples of Lithium Primary Battery Systems	415	(24)
18.6.1 The System Lithium/Manganese Dioxide	415	(2)
18.6.2 The System Lithium/Carbon Monofluoride	417	(3)
18.6.3 The System Lithium/Thionylchloride	420	(5)
18.6.4 The System Lithium/Sulfur Dioxide	425	(5)
18.6.5 The System Lithium/Iodine	430	(2)
18.6.6 The System Lithium-Aluminum/Iron Disulfide	432	(7)
18.7 Secondary Lithium Batteries	439	(25)
18.7.1 The Special Aspects of a Secondary Lithium Battery Technology	440	(2)
18.7.2 Rechargeable Lithium Batteries for Low Energy Applications (Button Cells)	442	(3)
18.7.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries	445	(12)
18.7.4 The System Lithium (Carbon)/Lithium (Cobalt Oxide)	457	(6)
18.7.5 Other Rechargeable Lithium Batteries	463	(1)
18.7.6 Potential Safety Impacts	463	(1)
18.7.7 Safety Measures	464	(1)
18.8 Disposal of Lithium Batteries	464	(3)
References	465	(2)
19 The Disposal of Portable Batteries	467	(22)
J. L. Fricke and N. Knudsen
19.1 Portable Battery Systems and Their Relevance to the Environment	467	(8)
19.1.1 Main Systems and Their Implementation	467	(2)
19.1.2 Significance of Heavy Metals for Disposal	469	(4)
19.1.3 Basic Prerequisites for Recycling	473	(2)
19.2 Recycling Procedures and Level of Recycling	475	(10)
19.2.1 Lead Batteries	475	(1)
19.2.2 Nickel/Cadmium Batteries	476	(1)
19.2.3 Batteries Containing Mercury (R9 Cells)	476	(1)
19.2.4 Nickel/Metal Hydride Batteries	476	(2)
19.2.5 Lithium Batteries	478	(1)
19.2.6 Zinc-Carbon and Alkali-Manganese Batteries	479	(6)
19.3 The German Battery Decree	485	(1)
19.4 The Manufacturers' Common Collection System	486	(3)
20 History	489
H. A. Kiehne
20.1 Early Beginnings	489	(1)
20.2 Primary and Secondary Cells	489	(4)
20.3 Fuel Cells and High Temperature Cells	493	(2)
References	493	(2)
Index	495
0268025541
About the William and Katherine Devers Series in Dante Studies	ix
List of Illustrations	xi
Acknowledgments	xiii
INTRODUCTION	1	(8)
1. LADY GRAMMAR BETWEEN NURTURING AND DISCIPLINE	9	(40)
Defining grammatica	9	(5)
nutrix as magistra	14	(1)
inter blandimenta nutricum	15	(5)
Lady Grammar's Whip	20	(2)
Sapientia nutria and Grammatica nutria	22	(3)
Grammatica in the Metalogicon	25	(15)
Lady Grammar in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries	40	(6)
Lady Grammar in Fourteenth-Century Italy	46	(3)
2. THE PRIMAL SCENE OF SUCKLING IN DE VULGARI ELOQUENTIA	49	(28)
a la tetta de la madre s'apprende	49	(4)
nutricem imitantes	53	(5)
vir sine matre, vir sine lacte	58	(1)
quanquam Sarnum biberimus ante dentes	59	(11)
ut "femina," "corpo"	70	(2)
os ex ossibus meis et caro de carne mea	72	(5)
3. THE BODY OF GAETA: BURYING AND UNBURYING THE WET NURSE IN INFERNO	77	(32)
From Lady Grammar to the Neoplatonic Nurse and Beyond	77	(1)
là presso a Gaeta, prima the sì Enëa la nomasse	78	(2)
Ex ore infantium et lactentium	80	(2)
Aeneia nutrix	82	(3)
Circe, the Anti-nurse	85	(3)
Bones and a Name	88	(5)
in misericordia uberi	93	(4)
Ulysses as Circe	97	(2)
Noms de lieu	99	(5)
Poppa and prora at the End of Paradiso	104	(2)
The Nurse in Inferno	106	(3)
4. DECONSTRUCTING SUBJECTIVITY IN ANTEPURGATORY	109	(26)
Selfhood and the Body in Purgatorio	109	(4)
Silva from Plato to Dante	113	(3)
Silva and Alma Mater	116	(2)
Silva in Purgatorio 5	118	(17)
5. RECONSTRUCTING SUBJECTIVITY IN PURGATORIO AND PARADISO	135	(32)
Serino humilis and the Nursing Body of Christ	135	(3)
Dante's Nurse-Poets	138	(7)
The Pilgrim as infans /puer	145	(9)
The Triumph of the Resurrected Breast	154	(3)
Et coram paire le si fece unito	157	(10)
Notes	167	(102)
Bibliography	269	(28)
Index	297