The Bedford Guide for College Writers with Reader, Research Manual, and Handbook

by X. J. Kennedy

• ISBN13: 9780312260149
• ISBN10: 0312260148
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Trade Book
• Copyright: 2001-12-21
• Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's

Summary

The Bedford Guide for College Writers is four coordinated books in one -- a process-oriented rhetoric with professional and student models, a provocative thematic reader, an up-to-date research manual, and a comprehensive handbook. Thoroughly revised, redesigned, and streamlined, The Bedford Guide is integrated with innovative new media resources, making it the perfect companion for teaching composition in the electronic age.

Table of Contents

Preface: To the Instructor	v
How to Use The Bedford Guide for College Writers	xxiii
Rhetorical Contents	xxxvii
A WRITER'S GUIDE
Introduction: Writing in College	3	(2)
PART ONE A College Writer's Processes	5	(26)
Introduction	7	(1)
Writing Processes	8	(7)
Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing	8	(1)
A Process of Writing	9	(3)
Generating Ideas	10	(1)
Planning, Drafting, and Developing	10	(1)
Revising and Editing	11	(1)
Activity: Describing Your Writing Process	12	(1)
Audience and Purpose	12	(2)
Writing for Readers	12	(1)
Activity: Considering Audience	13	(1)
Writing for a Reason	13	(1)
Activity: Considering Purpose	14	(1)
What Matters Most	14	(1)
Reading Processes	15	(7)
A Process of Reading	16	(1)
Activity: Describing Your Own Reading Process	16	(1)
Getting Started	16	(3)
Preparing to Read	17	(1)
Responding to Reading	17	(1)
Activity: Annotating a Passage	18	(1)
Reading on a Literal Level	19	(1)
Knowing, Comprehending, and Applying	19	(1)
Reading on an Analytical Level	20	(2)
Analyzing, Synthesizing, and Evaluating	20	(1)
Activity: Reading Analytically	21	(1)
Critical Thinking Processes	22	(9)
A Process of Critical Thinking	22	(1)
Using Critical Thinking	23	(2)
Activity: Thinking Critically to Solve a Problem	24	(1)
Supporting Critical Thinking with Evidence	25	(2)
Types of Evidence	25	(2)
Activity: Looking for Evidence	27	(1)
Testing Evidence	27	(2)
Using Evidence to Support an Appeal	29	(2)
Logical Appeal	29	(1)
Emotional Appeal	29	(1)
Ethical Appeal	30	(1)
Activity: Identifying Types of Appeals	30	(1)
PART TWO A Writer's Situations	31	(160)
Introduction	33	(2)
Recalling an Experience	35	(16)
Learning from Other Writers	36	(7)
The Art of Eating Spaghetti	36	(3)
Russell Baker
What Is a Hunter? (Student Essay)	39	(4)
Robert G. Schreiner
Learning by Writing	43	(6)
The Assignment: Recalling a Personal Experience	43	(1)
Generating Ideas	44	(1)
Planning, Drafting, and Developing	45	(1)
Revising and Editing	46	(2)
Other Assignments	48	(1)
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses of Recalling Experience	49	(2)
Observing a Scene	51	(14)
Learning from Other Writers	52	(5)
Here Is New York	52	(2)
E. B. White
Footprints: The Mark of Our Passing (Student Essay)	54	(3)
Sandy Messina
Learning by Writing	57	(6)
The Assignment: Observing a Scene	57	(1)
Generating Ideas	58	(2)
Planning, Drafting, and Developing	60	(1)
Revising and Editing	60	(2)
Other Assignments	62	(1)
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses of Observing a Scene	63	(2)
Interviewing a Subject	65	(16)
Learning from Other Writers	66	(6)
Mining for Humor	66	(2)
Monica Yant Kinney
Listen (Student Essay)	68	(4)
Dawn Kortz
Learning by Writing	72	(8)
The Assignment: Interviewing	72	(1)
Generating Ideas	72	(4)
Planning, Drafting, and Developing	76	(2)
Revising and Editing	78	(1)
Other Assignments	79	(1)
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses of Writing from an Interview	80	(1)
Comparing and Contrasting	81	(19)
Learning from Other Writers	82	(8)
The Victorian Internet	82	(4)
Tom Standage
Take Me Out to the Ball Game, but Which One? (Student Essay)	86	(4)
Tim Chabot
Learning by Writing	90	(8)
The Assignment: Comparing and Contrasting	90	(1)
Generating Ideas	90	(3)
Planning, Drafting, and Developing	93	(3)
Revising and Editing	96	(1)
Other Assignments	97	(1)
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses of Comparing and Contrasting	98	(2)
Explaining Causes and Effects	100	(17)
Learning from Other Writers	101	(7)
Kids in the Mall: Growing Up Controlled	101	(4)
William Severini Kowinski
Invisible Women (Student Essay)	105	(3)
Yun Yung Choi
Learning by Writing	108	(7)
The Assignment: Explaining Causes and Effects	108	(1)
Generating Ideas	109	(2)
Planning, Drafting, and Developing	111	(1)
Revising and Editing	112	(3)
Other Assignments	115	(1)
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses of Explaining Causes and Effects	115	(2)
Taking a Stand	117	(21)
Learning from Other Writers	118	(6)
Last Rites for Indian Dead	118	(3)
Suzan Shown Harjo
Affirmative Action Encourages Racism (Student Essay)	121	(3)
Thaddeus Watulak
Learning by Writing	124	(12)
The Assignment: Taking a Stand	124	(1)
Generating Ideas	125	(5)
Planning, Drafting, and Developing	130	(2)
Revising and Editing	132	(2)
Recognizing Logical Fallacies	134	(2)
Other Assignments	136	(1)
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses of Taking a Stand	136	(2)
Proposing a Solution	138	(18)
Learning from Other Writers	139	(6)
Why Prisons Don't Work	140	(2)
Wilbert Rideau
Missed Opportunities (Student Essay)	142	(3)
Heather Colbenson
Learning by Writing	145	(9)
The Assignment: Proposing a Solution	145	(1)
Generating Ideas	146	(2)
Planning, Drafting, and Developing	148	(2)
Revising and Editing	150	(3)
Other Assignments	153	(1)
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses of Proposals	154	(2)
Evaluating	156	(17)
Learning from Other Writers	157	(8)
The Frog Factor	157	(3)
Bill McKibben
Coffee Odyssey (Student Essay)	160	(5)
Clay McCuistion
Learning by Writing	165	(6)
The Assignment: Writing an Evaluation	165	(1)
Generating Ideas	165	(3)
Planning, Drafting, and Developing	168	(1)
Revising and Editing	169	(1)
Other Assignments	170	(1)
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses of Evaluating	171	(2)
Reading Critically	173	(18)
Learning from Other Writers	174	(6)
Kids, Divorce, and the Myth	175	(2)
Ellen Goodman
Times Series Delved Successfully into Race (Student Essay)	177	(3)
Ryan Miday
Learning by Writing	180	(8)
The Assignment: Reading Critically	180	(1)
Generating Ideas	181	(3)
Planning, Drafting, and Developing	184	(2)
Revising and Editing	186	(2)
Other Assignments	188	(1)
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses of Writing from Critical Reading	188	(3)
PART THREE Special Writing Situations	191	(66)
Introduction	193	(1)
Responding to Literature	194	(30)
Literary Analysis	194	(22)
Learning from Other Writers	194	(1)
The Lottery	195	(8)
Shirley Jackson
The Hidden Truth: An Analysis of Shirley Jackson's ``The Lottery'' (Student Essay)	203	(3)
Jonathan Burns
Analyzing the Elements of Literature: A Glossary of Terms	206	(3)
Learning by Writing	209	(7)
Strategies for Writing about Literature: Synopsis and Paraphrase	216	(6)
Learning from Other Writers: Synopsis	216	(1)
A Synopsis of ``The Lottery'' (Student Example)	217	(2)
Jonathan Burns
Learning by Writing: Synopsis	219	(1)
The Story of an Hour	219	(2)
Kate Chopin
Learning by Writing: Paraphrase	221	(1)
Other Assignments for Writing about Literature	222	(2)
Writing in the Workplace	224	(15)
Guidelines for Writing in the Workplace	224	(3)
Know Your Purpose	225	(1)
Keep Your Audience in Mind	225	(1)
Use an Appropriate Tone	226	(1)
Present Information Carefully	226	(1)
Business Letters	227	(4)
Format for Business Letters	229	(2)
Memoranda	231	(2)
Format for Memoranda	232	(1)
Electronic Mail	233	(1)
Format for E-mail	234	(1)
Resumes and Application Letters	234	(5)
Resumes	234	(2)
Application Letters	236	(3)
Writing for Assessment	239	(18)
Essay Examinations	239	(9)
Preparing for the Exam	239	(1)
Learning from Another Writer	240	(1)
Generating Ideas	241	(1)
Planning: Recognizing Typical Exam Questions	242	(3)
Drafting: The Only Version	245	(2)
Revising: Rereading and Proofing	247	(1)
Short-Answer Examinations	248	(1)
Timed Writings	248	(2)
Types of Topics	249	(1)
Writing for Portfolio Assessment	250	(7)
Understanding Portfolio Assessment	251	(1)
Tips for Keeping a Portfolio	252	(5)
PART FOUR A Writer's Strategies	257
Introduction	259	(1)
Strategies for Generating Ideas	260	(11)
Finding Ideas	260	(8)
Brainstorming	260	(3)
Freewriting	263	(2)
Keeping a Journal	265	(2)
Asking a Reporter's Questions	267	(1)
Getting Ready	268	(3)
Setting Up Circumstances	268	(2)
Preparing Your Mind	270	(1)
Strategies for Planning	271	(14)
Stating and Using a Thesis	271	(4)
Discovering Your Thesis	272	(1)
How to State a Thesis	273	(2)
How to Use a Thesis	275	(1)
Organizing Your Ideas	275	(10)
Grouping Your Ideas	276	(3)
Outlining	279	(6)
Strategies for Drafting	285	(15)
Making a Start Enjoyable	285	(2)
Restarting	287	(1)
Paragraphing	287	(1)
Using Topic Sentences	288	(3)
Kinds of Topic Sentences	289	(2)
Writing an Opening	291	(2)
Kinds of Openings	291	(2)
Writing a Conclusion	293	(3)
Kinds of Conclusions	293	(3)
Achieving Coherence	296	(4)
Devices That Create Coherence	296	(4)
Strategies for Developing	300	(19)
Giving Examples	301	(2)
Providing Details	303	(2)
Defining	305	(2)
Analyzing	307	(3)
Dividing and Classifying	310	(2)
Analyzing a Process	312	(2)
Comparing and Contrasting	314	(2)
Identifying Causes and Effects	316	(3)
Strategies for Revising and Editing	319	(16)
Re-viewing and Revising	319	(5)
Revising for Purpose	320	(1)
Revising for Audience	320	(1)
Revising for Structure	321	(2)
Working with a Peer Editor	323	(1)
Stressing What Counts	324	(2)
Stating First or Last	325	(1)
Cutting and Whittling	326	(5)
Editing and Proofreading	331	(4)
Strategies for Designing Your Document	335	(23)
Understanding Four Basic Principles of Document Design	338	(4)
Principle 1: Know Your Readers	338	(1)
Principle 2: Satisfy Your Reader's Expectations	339	(3)
Principle 3: Consider Your Reader's Constraints	342	(1)
Principle 4: Remember Your Purpose	342	(1)
Creating an Effective Design for Your Document	342	(12)
Choosing Fonts	343	(3)
Preparing Lists	346	(1)
Using White Space Strategically	347	(2)
Using Headings and Alignment	349	(2)
Using Repetition Purposefully	351	(3)
Using Visuals to Reinforce Your Content	354	(4)
Adding Visuals	354	(1)
Crediting Sources	355	(1)
Arranging Visuals and Text in Your Document	355	(3)
Strategies for Understanding Visual Representations	358	(20)
Using Strategies for Visual Analysis	359	(1)
Seeing the Big Picture	359	(2)
Prominent Element	360	(1)
Focal Point	360	(1)
Observing the Characteristics of an Image	361	(8)
Cast of Characters	361	(2)
Story of the Image	363	(1)
Design and Arrangement	363	(1)
Artistic Choices	364	(5)
Interpreting the Meaning of an Image	369	(8)
General Feeling or Mood	369	(1)
Sociological, Political, Economic, or Cultural Attitudes	370	(1)
Language	370	(2)
Signs and Symbols	372	(1)
Themes	372	(5)
A WRITER'S READER
Introduction: Reading to Write	377	(1)
Families	378	(33)
Once More to the Lake	379	(6)
E.B. White
The author reflects on the impact of taking his son to visit a favorite scene from his own childhood
Mother Tongue	385	(6)
Amy Tan
A Chinese American writer examines the effects of her mother's imperfect English on her own experience as a daughter and a writer
Black like ... Shirley Temple?	391	(3)
Gerald Early
A summer of watching Shirley Temple movies prompts this African American writer to consider how his daughters handle growing up in America
Evan's Two Moms	394	(3)
Anna Quindlen
A Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist examines the controversy surrounding same-sex marriages
Silk Parachute	397	(3)
John McPhee
Reflecting on his relationship with his mother, this essayist focuses on the many gifts she gave him, including a silk parachute
Paired Essays
A Part-Time Marriage	400	(4)
Noel Perrin
This writer takes a wry look at a postdivorce arrangement and current ideas about marriage
Remarriage and Stepfamilies	404	(7)
Stephanie Coontz
A sociologist proposes solutions to the problems that Stepfamilies face as they redefine what a family should be
Men and Women	411	(31)
I Want a Wife	412	(3)
Judy Brady
Considering the hard work of a wife leads the author to an unusual conclusion
The Men We Carry in Our Minds	415	(5)
Scott Russell Sanders
The author explains why, as a working-class male, he had difficulty understanding the deep grievances of women he knew in college
Our Barbies, Ourselves	420	(3)
Emily Prager
A journalist analyzes what the American infatuation with Barbie tells us about ourselves
Three Generations of Native American Women's Birth Experience	423	(5)
Joy Harjo
A Native American writer reflects on the childbearing experiences of her mother, her daughter, and herself
From Now On, Let Women Kill Their Own Spiders	428	(3)
Dave Barry
By identifying with the frustrations of both men and women, this humor columnist pokes fun at the inevitable miscommunication between the genders
Paired Essays
Women and Men Talking on the Job	431	(6)
Deborah Tannen
A linguist claims that understanding the different communication styles of women and men sheds light on gender conflict in the workplace
How Men and Women Think	437	(5)
Nicholas Wade
If research uncovers differences between the brains of men and women, according to this journalist, we may have to face some ``impolitic truths.''
Popular Culture	442	(24)
Why We Crave Horror Movies	443	(3)
Stephen King
A popular horror fiction writer examines why people enjoy being frightened
The Myth of Cinderella	446	(4)
Veronica Chambers
A journalist considers a new interpretation of Cinderella's story and its impact on women, especially African American women
Shopping and Other Spiritual Adventures in America Today	450	(3)
Phyllis Rose
Most Americans shop for reasons other than necessity, according to the author
Illusions Are Forever	453	(3)
Jay Chiat
This Internet company chairman discusses the effects of advertising on consumers and claims that ads shape a person's perception of reality
How to Zap Violence on TV	456	(3)
Ellen Goodman
A popular newspaper columnist examines the treatment of violence on television
Public Enemy Number One?	459	(7)
Mike Males
Responding to critics such as Ellen Goodman, the author defends the media against charges of contributing to youth violence
The Workplace	466	(35)
Four Weeks Vacation	467	(6)
Joe Robinson
The editor of a travel-adventure magazine examines the implications of the rising American obsession with work, comparing America's work ethic with that of other countries
Year of the Blue-Collar Guy	473	(3)
Steve Olson
A construction worker offers a tribute to blue-collar workers in America
The Case against Chores	476	(3)
Jane Smiley
Taking an untraditional stance on childhood chores, this critically acclaimed author highlights how chores may teach children the wrong lesson about work
From No Shame in My Game	479	(6)
Katherine S. Newman
An anthropologist known for her research on city life and the working poor examines the often overlooked skills required of the ``unskilled'' worker
Commercial Fisherman	485	(4)
Ian Bruce
This boat captain shares his experiences as an Alaska salmon fisherman, explaining why, despite all its dangers, he loves his work
Nice Perks---If You Can Get 'Em	489	(6)
Anne Finnigan
A journalist identifies the three main obstacles workers encounter in trying to use the family-friendly benefits offered by their employers
Unequal Work for Unequal Pay	495	(6)
Elinor Burkett
This reporter questions the fairness and usefulness of family-friendly benefits offered by some corporations, arguing that not enough employees benefit from such programs
Body Image	501	(32)
I Want to Be Miss America	502	(5)
Julia Alvarez
An English professor reflects on how growing up on the outskirts of white American culture has affected her life
My Inner Shrimp	507	(3)
Garry Trudeau
This cartoonist and writer recalls the difficulty of being short as a teenager, an experience that haunts him even as a six-foot-tall adult
Victoria's Not-So-Secret Strategy	510	(4)
Marisa Kula
In a critical examination of the Victoria's Secret catalog, this writer considers how women's body images are shaped by the fantasies of men
Mirror Image	514	(5)
Alicia Potter
Treating what is no longer exclusively a women's issue, this freelance writer looks at men's increasing obsession with body image due to standards set by the media
My Jewish Nose	519	(5)
Lisa Jervis
An author shares her personal experience of resisting the pressures to alter one's ethnic appearance in order to conform to societal ideals of beauty
Cutting Edge	524	(7)
Janice Turner
This journalist posits that more men are opting for plastic surgery to keep a competitive edge in a corporate world that judges by appearances
A WRITER'S RESEARCH MANUAL
Introduction: The Nature of Research	531	(2)
Planning and Managing Your Research Project	533	(13)
Planning Your Project	534	(1)
The Assignment: Writing from Sources	534	(1)
Generating Ideas and Forming a Research Question	535	(6)
Choosing Your Territory	535	(1)
Taking an Overview	536	(1)
Stating Your Question	537	(2)
Making a Preliminary Search	539	(1)
Using Keywords and Links	539	(2)
Managing Your Project	541	(5)
Creating a Schedule	541	(1)
Starting a Working Bibliography	542	(2)
Starting a Research Archive	544	(1)
Keeping Track of Your Electronic Searches	545	(1)
Finding Sources in the Library, on the Internet, and in the Field	546	(24)
Searching the Library	546	(9)
Using the Online Catalog	547	(5)
Consulting Databases: Periodical Indexes and Bibliographies	552	(3)
Using Other Library Resources	555	(4)
Consulting Reference Materials	556	(2)
Locating Special Materials	558	(1)
Using the Web for Research	559	(5)
Conducting Advanced Electronic Searches	559	(4)
Finding Online Texts and Discussions	563	(1)
Finding Sources in the Field	564	(6)
Interviewing	564	(1)
Observing	565	(1)
Using Questionnaires	565	(3)
Corresponding	568	(1)
Attending Public and Online Events	568	(2)
Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes	570	(14)
Evaluating Sources	570	(7)
What Is the Purpose?	571	(1)
Who Is the Intended Audience?	572	(1)
Who Is the Author?	573	(1)
Is This a Primary or a Secondary Source?	574	(1)
Who Is the Publisher?	575	(1)
How Sound Is the Evidence?	575	(1)
Is the Source Up-to-Date?	576	(1)
Is the Source Relevant to Your Research?	576	(1)
Are Your Field Sources Useful and Reliable?	576	(1)
Taking Notes	577	(7)
Recording Information	577	(1)
Taking Better Notes	578	(1)
Avoiding Plagiarism	579	(1)
Quoting, Paraphrasing, Nutshelling	579	(5)
Writing Your Research Paper	584	(31)
Planning and Drafting	584	(12)
Moving from Notes to Outline to Draft	584	(4)
Incorporating Source Material: Quoting, Paraphrasing, Nutshelling	588	(4)
Avoiding Plagiarism	592	(3)
Beginning and Ending	595	(1)
Revising and Editing	596	(2)
Documenting Sources	598	(2)
Citing Sources in Your Text	599	(1)
Listing Sources at the End	599	(1)
Other Assignments	599	(1)
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses of Research	600	(1)
A Sample Research Paper	601	(14)
Is Inclusion the Answer?	602	(13)
Sarah E. Goers
Documenting Sources	615
Citing Sources: MLA Style	616	(5)
Printed Sources: Nonfiction Books	616	(2)
Printed Sources: Literature	618	(1)
Printed Sources: Reference Books and Periodicals	619	(2)
Electronic and Other Nonprint Sources	621	(1)
Listing Sources: MLA Style	621	(10)
Books	621	(3)
Parts of Books	624	(1)
Reference Books	625	(1)
Periodicals	625	(2)
Other Printed Sources	627	(1)
Internet and Electronic Sources	627	(3)
Other Nonprint Sources	630	(1)
Citing Sources: APA Style	631	(3)
Printed Sources	631	(2)
Other Sources	633	(1)
Listing Sources: APA Style	634
Books	634	(2)
Periodicals	636	(1)
Other Printed Sources	637	(1)
Internet and Electronic Sources	637	(2)
Other Nonprint Sources	639
A WRITER'S HANDBOOK
Introduction: Grammar, or The Way Words Work	3	(2)
Grammatical Sentences	5	(52)
Sentence Fragments	5	(5)
Comma Splices and Fused Sentences	10	(4)
Verbs	14	(17)
Subject-Verb Agreement	31	(5)
Pronoun Case	36	(4)
Pronoun Reference	40	(4)
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement	44	(2)
Adjectives and Adverbs	46	(6)
Shifts	52	(5)
Effective Sentences	57	(24)
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers	57	(3)
Incomplete Sentences	60	(4)
Mixed Constructions and Faulty Predication	64	(4)
Parallel Structure	68	(3)
Coordination and Subordination	71	(7)
Sentence Variety	78	(3)
Word Choice	81	(15)
Appropriateness	81	(5)
Exact Words	86	(4)
Bias-Free Language	90	(4)
Wordiness	94	(2)
Punctuation	96	(31)
End Punctuation	96	(2)
The Comma	98	(10)
The Semicolon	108	(2)
The Colon	110	(3)
The Apostrophe	113	(3)
Quotation Marks	116	(4)
The Dash	120	(2)
Parentheses, Brackets, and the Ellipsis Mark	122	(5)
Mechanics	127
Abbreviations	127	(3)
Capital Letters	130	(4)
Numbers	134	(2)
Italics	136	(3)
The Hyphen	139	(3)
Spelling	142
APPENDICES
Quick Editing Guide	1	(28)
A. Editing for Common Grammar Problems	3	(9)
B. Editing to Ensure Effective Sentences	12	(2)
C. Editing for Common Punctuation Problems	14	(3)
D. Editing for Common Mechanics Problems	17	(6)
E. Editing for Common Format Problems	23	(6)
A Glossary of Troublemakers	29	(8)
Answers for Lettered Exercises	37
Index	1