Behavior Analysis and Learning

by Pierce, W. David; Cheney, Carl D.

• ISBN13: 9780805844894
• ISBN10: 0805844899
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-08-01
• Publisher: Lawrence Erlbau

Summary

Behavior Analysis and Learningis an essential textbook covering the basic principles in the field of behavior analysis and learned behaviors. Both active researchers, the authors are disciples of a coherent theory--experimental analysis of behavior--pioneered by B.F. Skinner. Using this theory as a base to explain human behavior, researchers must understand the interactions between an individual and his or her environment. Expanding on concepts of the past editions, this book: *is an advanced introductory text on operant conditioning from a very consistent Skinnerian perspective; *covers a range of principles from basic respondent conditioning through applied behavior analysis into cultural design; *treats the topic from a consistent world view of selectionism; *elaborates on Darwinian components and biological connections with behavior; and, *expands most chapters with revised references and additional citations. The material presented in this book provides the reader with the best available foundation in behavior science. The discovery of functional relations between the organism and the environment constitute the objective foundation for this book. These functional relationships are described, and their application in accounting for old behavior and generating new behavior is illustrated. As such, this book is a valuable resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in psychology or other behavior-based disciplines.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xiii
Preface	xv
Chapter 1 A Science of Behavior: Perspective, History and Assumptions	1	(26)
In this chapter	1	(1)
Science and behavior	2	(6)
Focus on B.F. Skinner	8	(3)
A brief history of behavior analysis	11	(8)
Science and behavior: Some assumptions	19	(4)
Key words	23	(1)
On the web	23	(1)
Study questions	23	(2)
Brief Quiz	25	(2)
Chapter 2 The Experimental Analysis of Behavior	27	(26)
In this chapter	27	(1)
Functional analysis of behavior	27	(3)
Functional analysis of the environment	30	(1)
Advanced issue: Perceiving as behavior	31	(5)
Tactics of behavioral research	36	(4)
Focus on issues: Internal and external validity in experiments	40	(1)
Internal validity	41	(3)
External validity	44	(1)
Single-subject research	45	(4)
Key words	49	(1)
On the web	49	(1)
Study questions	50	(1)
Brief quiz	51	(2)
Chapter 3 Reflexive Behavior and Respondent Conditioning	53	(30)
In this chapter	53	(1)
Phylogenetic behavior	53	(5)
Ontogenetic behavior	58	(7)
Temporal relations and conditioning	65	(2)
Second-order respondent conditioning	67	(1)
Complex conditioning and compound stimuli	68	(1)
The Rescorla-Wagner model of conditioning	69	(2)
Advanced issue: Conditioning effects and the Rescorla-Wagner equation	71	(5)
On the applied side: Drug use, abuse, and complexities of respondent conditioning	76	(3)
Key words	79	(1)
On the web	79	(1)
Study questions	80	(1)
Brief quiz	81	(2)
Chapter 4 Reinforcement and Extinction of Operant Behavior	83	(35)
In this chapter	83	(1)
Operant behavior	83	(4)
Focus on research: Reinforcement, intrinsic motivation, and creativity	87	(3)
Focus on issues: Reinforcement and the Premack Principle	90	(10)
Extinction	100	(2)
Focus on research: Reinforcement, problem solving and creativity	102	(9)
A note on remembering and recalling	111	(1)
On the applied side: Extinction as a modification procedure for temper tantrums	112	(1)
Key words	113	(1)
On the web	114	(1)
Study questions	114	(1)
Brief quiz	115	(3)
Chapter 5 Schedules of Reinforcement	118	(35)
In this chapter	118	(1)
The importance of schedules of reinforcement	118	(1)
Focus on issues: Science and behavior analysis	119	(4)
Focus on teaching: A system of notation	123	(1)
Schedules of positive reinforcement	124	(2)
Focus on rate of reinforcement and behavioral momentum	126	(2)
Ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement	128	(6)
Focus on research: The generality of schedule effects	134	(4)
Advanced issue: Analysis of schedule performance	138	(6)
Schedule performance in transition	144	(2)
On the applied side: Schedules of reinforcement of abstinence from cigarette smoking	146	(2)
Key words	148	(1)
On the web	148	(1)
Study questions	149	(2)
Brief quiz	151	(2)
Chapter 6 Aversive Control of Behavior	153	(30)
In this chapter	153	(1)
Contingencies of punishment	154	(4)
Focus on issues: Use of punishment in treatment	158	(4)
Contingencies of negative reinforcement	162	(4)
Focus on research: An analysis of avoidance behavior	166	(2)
Side effects of aversive procedures	168	(9)
On the applied side: Coercion and its fallout	177	(2)
Key words	179	(1)
On the web	179	(1)
Study questions	179	(2)
Brief quiz	181	(2)
Chapter 7 Operant-Respondent Interrelationships and the Biological Context of Conditioning	183	(25)
In this chapter	183	(1)
Analysis of operant-respondent contingencies	184	(5)
Advanced issue: The nature of autoshaped responses	189	(5)
Focus on teaching: Operants and respondents	194	(1)
The biological context of conditioning	195	(6)
On the applied side: Activity anorexia and the interrelations between eating and physical activity	201	(4)
Key words	205	(1)
On the web	205	(1)
Study questions	205	(1)
Brief quiz	206	(2)
Chapter 8 Stimulus Control	208	(27)
In this chapter	208	(1)
Differential reinforcement and discrimination	209	(1)
Stimulus control and multiple schedules	210	(2)
Focus on teaching: Discrimination and the "bird-brained" pigeon	212	(4)
Focus on research: Searching for the determinants of contrast	216	(1)
Generalization	217	(4)
Errorless discrimination and fading	221	(3)
Complex stimulus control	224	(3)
Focus on research: Concept formation by pigeons	227	(2)
On the applied side: The pigeon as a quality control inspector	229	(2)
Key words	231	(1)
On the web	231	(1)
Study questions	232	(1)
Brief quiz	233	(2)
Chapter 9 Choice and Preference	235	(35)
In this chapter	235	(1)
Experimental analysis of choice and preference	235	(6)
The matching law	241	(5)
Advanced issue: Quantification of behavioral choice and the generalized matching law	246	(8)
Implications of the matching law	254	(2)
Additional aspects of choice and preference	256	(4)
Matching on a single schedule of reinforcement	260	(1)
Advanced issue: A matching equation for a single schedule of reinforcement	260	(4)
On the applied side: Application of the quantitative law of effect	264	(2)
Key words	266	(1)
On the web	266	(1)
Study questions	266	(2)
Brief quiz	268	(2)
Chapter 10 Conditioned Reinforcement	270	(25)
In this chapter	270	(1)
Chain schedules and conditioned reinforcement	271	(2)
Focus on issues: Backward chaining	273	(2)
Determinants of conditioned reinforcement	275	(5)
Delay reduction and conditioned reinforcement	280	(2)
Advanced issue: Quantitative analysis of conditioned reinforcement	282	(3)
Generalized conditioned reinforcement	285	(4)
On the applied side: The token economy	289	(2)
Key words	291	(1)
On the web	291	(1)
Study questions	291	(2)
Brief Quiz	293	(2)
Chapter 11 Correspondent Relations: Imitation and Rule-Governed Behavior	295	(29)
In this chapter	295	(1)
Correspondence and observational learning	296	(11)
On the applied side: Training generalized imitation	307	(5)
Focus on issues: Rules, observational learning, and self-efficacy	312	(1)
Rule-governed behavior	313	(4)
Focus on research: Instructions and contingencies	317	(3)
Key words	320	(1)
On the web	320	(1)
Study questions	321	(1)
Brief quiz	322	(2)
Chapter 12 Verbal Behavior	324	(34)
In this chapter	324	(1)
Language and verbal behavior	324	(1)
Verbal behavior some basic distinctions	325	(2)
Operant functions of verbal behavior	327	(1)
Advanced issue: A formal analysis of manding and tacting	328	(3)
Research on verbal behavior	331	(4)
Additional verbal relations: Intraverbals, echoics, and textuals	335	(2)
Analysis of complex behavior in the laboratory	337	(6)
Focus on: Research reports of private events by pigeons	343	(9)
Symbolic behavior and stimulus equivalence	352	(1)
On the applied side: Three-term contingencies and natural speech	352	(2)
Key words	354	(1)
On the web	354	(1)
Study questions	354	(2)
Brief quiz	356	(2)
Chapter 13 Applied Behavior Analysis	358	(33)
In this chapter	358	(1)
Characteristics of applied behavior analysis	358	(6)
Research in applied behavior analysis	364	(5)
Focus on education: Personalized system of instruction and precision teaching	369	(5)
Applications of behavior principles	374	(6)
The causes and prevention of behavior problems	380	(4)
On the applied side-MammaCare-detection and prevention of breast cancer	384	(3)
Key words	387	(1)
On the web	387	(1)
Study questions	387	(2)
Brief quiz	389	(2)
Chapter 14 Three Levels of Selection: Biology, Behavior, and Culture	391	(28)
In this chapter	391	(2)
Level 1: Evolution and natural selection	393	(5)
Focus on research: Genetic control of a fixed-action pattern	398	(5)
Level 2: Selection by reinforcement	403	(6)
Level 3: The selection and evolution of a culture	409	(4)
On the applied side: Design of a culture	413	(2)
Key words	415	(1)
On the web	415	(1)
Study questions	415	(2)
Brief quiz	417	(2)
Glossary	419	(30)
References	449	(36)
Author Index	485	(10)
Subject Index	495