Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures

by Miltenberger, Raymond G.

• ISBN13: 9780534536008
• ISBN10: 053453600X
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780534365998, 9781111306113
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-08-04
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

Part I: INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION. 1. Measurement of Behavior and Behavior Change. 2. Observing and Recording Behavior. 3. Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change. Part II: BASIC PRINCIPLES. 4. Reinforcements. 5. Extinction. 6. Punishment. 7. Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization. 8. Respondent Conditioning. Part III. PROCEDURES TO ESTABLISH NEW BEHAVIORS. 9. Shaping. 10. Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control. 11. Chaining. 12. Behavioral Skills Training Procedures. Part IV: PROCEDURES TO INCREASE DESIRABLE BEHAVIORS AND DECREASE UNDESIRABLE BEHAVIORS. 13. Understanding Problem Behavior Through Functional Assessment. 14. Extinction. 15. Differential Reinforcement. 16. Antecedent Manipulations. 17. Using Punishment: Time Out and Response Cost. 18. Other Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of Using Punishment. 19. Promoting Generalization. Part V: OTHER BEHAVIOR CHANGE PROCEDURES. 20. Self-Management. 21. Habit Reversal Procedures. 22. The Token Economy. 23. Behavioral Contracts. 24. Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures. 25. Cognitive Behavior Modification.

Author Biography

Raymond G. Miltenberger is Professor of Psychology at North Dakota State University.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Behavior Modification	1	(19)
Defining Human Behavior	2	(2)
Examples of Behavior	4	(1)
Defining Behavior Modification	5	(1)
Characteristics of Behavior Modification	5	(3)
Historical Roots of Behavior Modification	8	(2)
Major Figures	8	(1)
Early Behavior Modification Researchers	9	(1)
Major Publications and Events	10	(1)
Areas of Application	10	(4)
Developmental Disabilities	10	(1)
Mental Illness	11	(1)
Education and Special Education	12	(1)
Rehabilitation	12	(1)
Community Psychology	12	(1)
Clinical Psychology	12	(1)
Business, Industry, and Human Services	13	(1)
Self-Management	13	(1)
Child Management	13	(1)
Prevention	13	(1)
Sports Psychology	13	(1)
Health-Related Behaviors	14	(1)
Gerontology	14	(1)
The Structure of this Textbook	14	(2)
Measurement of Behavior and Behavior Change	14	(1)
Basic Principles of Behavior	14	(1)
Procedures to Establish New Behavior	15	(1)
Procedures to Decrease Undesirable Behaviors and Increase Desirable Behaviors	15	(1)
Other Behavior Change Procedures	15	(1)
Chapter Summary	16	(1)
Practice Test	16	(1)
Chapter Quizzes	17	(2)
PART 1 Measurement of Behavior and Behavior Change
Observing and Recording Behavior	19	(24)
Defining the Target Behavior	21	(1)
The Logistics of Recording	22	(2)
The Observer	22	(1)
When and Where to Record	23	(1)
Choosing a Recording Method	24	(6)
Continuous Recording	24	(4)
Product Recording	28	(1)
Interval Recording	28	(1)
Time Sample Recording	29	(1)
Choosing a Recording Instrument	30	(3)
Reactivity	33	(1)
Interobserver Reliability	34	(2)
Chapter Summary	36	(1)
Practice Test	36	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	37	(2)
Chapter Quizzes	39	(4)
Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change	43	(26)
Components of a Graph	44	(3)
Graphing Behavioral Data	47	(3)
Graphing Different Dimensions of Behavior	50	(1)
Research Designs	51	(9)
A-B Design	52	(1)
A-B-A-B Reversal Design	53	(1)
Multiple-Baseline Design	53	(4)
Alternating-Treatments Design	57	(2)
Changing-Criterion Design	59	(1)
Chapter Summary	60	(1)
Practice Test	61	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	62	(3)
Chapter Quizzes	65	(4)
PART 2 Basic Principles
Reinforcement	69	(26)
Defining Reinforcement	71	(4)
Positive and Negative Reinforcement	75	(2)
Escape and Avoidance Behaviors	77	(1)
Conditioned and Unconditioned Reinforcers	78	(1)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Reinforcement	79	(3)
Immediacy	79	(1)
Contingency	80	(1)
Establishing Operations	80	(1)
Individual Differences	81	(1)
Magnitude	82	(1)
Schedules of Reinforcement	82	(5)
Fixed Ratio	84	(1)
Variable Ratio	84	(1)
Fixed Interval	85	(1)
Variable Interval	86	(1)
Reinforcing Different Dimensions of Behavior	87	(1)
Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement	87	(1)
Chapter Summary	88	(1)
Practice Test	89	(1)
Appendix A	90	(1)
Appendix B	90	(1)
Chapter Quizzes	91	(4)
Extinction	95	(16)
Defining Extinction	96	(2)
Extinction Burst	98	(2)
Spontaneous Recovery	100	(1)
Procedural Variations of Extinction	100	(3)
A Common Misconception About Extinction	103	(1)
Factors Influencing Extinction	103	(2)
Chapter Summary	105	(1)
Practice Test	106
Appendix A	100	(7)
Chapter Quizzes	107	(4)
Punishment	111	(22)
Defining Punishment	111	(3)
A Common Misconception About Punishment	114	(1)
Positive and Negative Punishment	114	(5)
Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishers	119	(1)
Contrasting Reinforcement and Punishment	120	(2)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment	122	(2)
Immediacy	122	(1)
Contingency	123	(1)
Establishing Operations	123	(1)
Individual Differences and Magnitude of the Punisher	124	(1)
Problems with Punishment	124	(3)
Emotional Reactions to Punishment	125	(1)
Escape and Avoidance	125	(1)
Negative Reinforcement for the Use of Punishment	125	(1)
Punishment and Modeling	126	(1)
Ethical Issues	126	(1)
Chapter Summary	127	(1)
Practice Test	127	(1)
Appendix A	128	(1)
Chapter Quizzes	129	(4)
Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization	133	(20)
Examples of Stimulus Control	133	(1)
Defining Stimulus Control	134	(2)
Developing Stimulus Control: Stimulus Discrimination Training	136	(3)
Discrimination Training in the Laboratory	136	(2)
Developing Reading and Spelling with Discrimination Training	138	(1)
Stimulus Discrimination Training and Punishment	138	(1)
The Three-Term Contingency	139	(1)
Stimulus Control Research	140	(1)
Generalization	140	(2)
Examples of Generalization	142	(4)
Chapter Summary	146	(1)
Practice Test	146	(1)
Appendix A	147	(2)
Chapter Quizzes	149	(4)
Respondent Conditioning	153	(20)
Examples of Respondent Conditioning	153	(1)
Defining Respondent Conditioning	154	(3)
Timing of the Neutral Stimulus and US	157	(1)
Higher-Order Conditioning	158	(1)
Conditioned Emotional Responses	159	(2)
Extinction of Conditioned Responses	161	(1)
Spontaneous Recovery	161	(1)
Discrimination and Generalization of Respondent Behavior	162	(1)
Factors that Influence Respondent Conditioning	162	(2)
The Nature of the US and CS	163	(1)
The Temporal Relationship between the CS and US	163	(1)
Contingency between the CS and US	163	(1)
The Number of Pairings	163	(1)
Previous Exposure to the CS	164	(1)
Distinguishing Between Operant and Respondent Conditioning	164	(3)
Respondent Conditioning and Behavior Modification	167	(1)
Chapter Summary	167	(1)
Practice Test	168	(1)
Chapter Quizzes	169	(4)
PART 3 Procedures to Establish New Behavior
Shaping	173	(20)
An Example of Shaping: Teaching a Child to Talk	173	(1)
Defining Shaping	174	(2)
Applications of Shaping	176	(1)
Getting Mrs. F to Walk Again	176	(1)
Getting Mrs. S to Increase the Time between Bathroom Visits	177	(1)
Research on Shaping	177	(5)
How to Use Shaping	182	(1)
Shaping of Problem Behaviors	183	(3)
Chapter Summary	186	(1)
Practice Test	187	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	187	(2)
Chapter Quizzes	189	(4)
Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control	193	(22)
An Example of Prompting and Fading: Teaching Little Leaguers to Hit the Ball	193	(2)
What is Prompting?	195	(1)
What is Fading?	196	(2)
Types of Prompts	198	(3)
Response Prompts	198	(2)
Stimulus Prompts	200	(1)
Transfer of Stimulus Control	201	(5)
Prompt Fading	201	(2)
Prompt Delay	203	(1)
Stimulus Fading	204	(2)
How to Use Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control	206	(2)
Chapter Summary	208	(1)
Practice Test	209	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	209	(2)
Chapter Quizzes	211	(4)
Chaining	215	(22)
Examples of Behavioral Chains	215	(1)
Analyzing Stimulus--Response Chains	216	(1)
Task Analysis	217	(3)
Backward Chaining	220	(2)
Forward Chaining	222	(2)
Total Task Presentation	224	(2)
Other Strategies for Teaching Behavioral Chains	226	(4)
Written Task Analysis	226	(2)
Picture Prompts	228	(1)
Self-Instructions	228	(2)
How to Use Chaining Procedures	230	(1)
Chapter Summary	231	(1)
Practice Test	231	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	232	(1)
Chapter Quizzes	233	(4)
Behavioral Skills Training Procedures	237	(20)
Examples of BST Procedures	237	(3)
Teaching Marcia to Say ``No'' to the Professors	237	(1)
Teaching Children to Protect Themselves from Abduction	238	(2)
Components of the BST Procedure	240	(3)
Modeling	240	(1)
Instructions	241	(1)
Rehearsal	242	(1)
Feedback	242	(1)
Enhancing Generalization After BST	243	(1)
BST and the Three-Term Contingency	243	(1)
BST in Groups	244	(1)
Applications of BST Procedures	245	(3)
How to Use BST Procedures	248	(1)
Chapter Summary	249	(1)
Practice Test	250	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	251	(2)
Chapter Quizzes	253	(4)
PART 4 Procedures to Increase Desirable Behavior and Decrease Undesirable Behavior
Understanding Problem Behaviors through Functional Assessment	257	(30)
Examples of Functional Assessment	257	(3)
Jacob	257	(2)
Anna	259	(1)
Defining Functional Assessment	260	(1)
Functions of Problem Behaviors	261	(1)
Social Positive Reinforcement	261	(1)
Social Negative Reinforcement	261	(1)
Automatic Positive Reinforcement	262	(1)
Automatic Negative Reinforcement	262	(1)
Functional Assessment Methods	262	(10)
Indirect Methods	263	(2)
Direct Observation Methods	265	(5)
Experimental Methods (Functional Analysis)	270	(2)
Functional Analysis Research	272	(4)
Conducting a Functional Assessment	276	(2)
Chapter Summary	278	(1)
Practice Test	278	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	279	(4)
Chapter Quizzes	283	(4)
Applying Extinction	287	(24)
The Case of Willy	287	(3)
Using Extinction to Decrease a Problem Behavior	290	(7)
Collecting Data to Assess Treatment Effects	290	(1)
Identifying the Reinforcer for the Problem Behavior through Functional Assessment	291	(1)
Eliminating the Reinforcer after Each Instance of the Problem Behavior	291	(6)
Taking Account of the Schedule of Reinforcement Before Extinction	297	(1)
Reinforcing Alternative Behaviors	298	(1)
Promoting Generalization and Maintenance	299	(1)
Research Evaluating the Use of Extinction	299	(3)
Chapter Summary	302	(1)
Practice Test	303	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	304	(1)
Appendix A	305	(1)
Appendix B	305	(2)
Chapter Quizzes	307	(4)
Differential Reinforcement	311	(30)
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior	311	(9)
Getting Mrs. Williams to Be Positive	311	(2)
When to Use DRA	313	(1)
How to Use DRA	314	(2)
Using Differential Negative Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors	316	(2)
Variations of DRA	318	(1)
Research on DRA	319	(1)
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior	320	(8)
Defining DRO	322	(3)
Research Evaluating DRO Procedures	325	(3)
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding	328	(5)
Defining DRL	328	(1)
Variations of DRL	328	(1)
Implementing DRL Procedures	329	(2)
Research Evaluating DRL Procedures	331	(2)
Chapter Summary	333	(1)
Practice Test	334	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	335	(2)
Chapter Quizzes	337	(4)
Antecedent Control Procedures	341	(28)
Examples of Antecedent Control	341	(2)
Getting Marianne to Study More	341	(1)
Getting Cal to Eat Right	342	(1)
Defining Antecedent Control Procedures	343	(8)
Presenting the SD or Cues for the Desired Behavior	343	(1)
Arranging Establishing Operations for the Desirable Behavior	344	(2)
Decreasing Response Effort for the Desirable Behavior	346	(1)
Removing the SD or Cues for Undesirable Behaviors	347	(1)
Removing Establishing Operations for Undesirable Behaviors	348	(2)
Increasing the Response Effort for Undesirable Behaviors	350	(1)
Research on Antecedent Control Strategies	351	(7)
Using Antecedent Control Strategies	358	(2)
Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the Desirable Behavior	359	(1)
Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the Undesirable Behavior	359	(1)
Functional, Nonaversive Interventions for Problem Behavior	360	(1)
Chapter Summary	360	(1)
Practice Test	361	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	362	(3)
Chapter Quizzes	365	(4)
Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response Cost	369	(22)
Time-Out	370	(8)
Types of Time-Out	371	(1)
Using Reinforcement with Time-Out	372	(1)
Considerations in Using Time-Out	372	(3)
Research Evaluating Time-Out Procedures	375	(3)
Response Cost	378	(5)
Defining Response Cost	378	(1)
Using Differential Reinforcement with Response Cost	379	(1)
Comparing Response Cost, Time-Out, and Extinction	379	(1)
Considerations in Using Response Cost	380	(2)
Research Evaluating Response Cost Procedures	382	(1)
Chapter Summary	383	(1)
Practice Test	384	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	385	(2)
Chapter Quizzes	387	(4)
Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of Punishment	391	(20)
Application of Aversive Activities	391	(7)
Overcorrection	393	(1)
Contingent Exercise	394	(1)
Guided Compliance	395	(2)
Physical Restraint	397	(1)
Cautions in the Application of Aversive Activities	398	(1)
Application of Aversive Stimulation	398	(3)
Positive Punishment: Treatment of Last Resort	401	(1)
Considerations in Using Positive Punishment	401	(1)
The Ethics of Punishment	402	(2)
Informed Consent	402	(1)
Alternative Treatments	403	(1)
Recipient Safety	403	(1)
Problem Severity	403	(1)
Implementation Guidelines	403	(1)
Training and Supervision	403	(1)
Peer Review	403	(1)
Accountability: Preventing Misuse and Overuse	404	(1)
Chapter Summary	404	(1)
Practice Test	404	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	405	(2)
Chapter Quizzes	407	(4)
Promoting Generalization	411	(22)
Examples of Generalization Programming	411	(1)
Defining Generalization	412	(1)
Strategies for Promoting Generalization of Behavior Change	413	(9)
Reinforcing Occurrences of Generalization	413	(1)
Training Skills That Contact Natural Contingencies of Reinforcement	414	(1)
Modifying Natural Contingencies of Reinforcement and Punishment	415	(1)
Incorporating a Variety of Relevant Stimulus Situations in Training	416	(1)
Incorporating Common Stimuli	417	(2)
Teaching a Range of Functionally Equivalent Responses	419	(1)
Incorporating Self-Generated Mediators of Generalization	420	(2)
Implementing Strategies to Promote Generalization	422	(1)
Promoting Generalized Reductions in Problem Behavior	423	(2)
Chapter Summary	425	(1)
Practice Test	425	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	426	(3)
Chapter Quizzes	429	(4)
PART 5 Other Behavior Change Procedures
Self-Management	433	(20)
Examples of Self-Management	433	(3)
Getting Murray to Run Regularly	433	(1)
Getting Annette to Clean Up Her Mess	434	(2)
Defining Self-Management Problems	436	(1)
Defining Self-Management	436	(1)
Types of Self-Management Strategies	437	(5)
Goal-Setting and Self-Monitoring	438	(1)
Antecedent Manipulations	438	(1)
Behavioral Contracting	439	(1)
Arranging Reinforcers and Punishers	440	(1)
Social Support	441	(1)
Self-Instructions and Self-Praise	442	(1)
Steps in a Self-Management Plan	442	(4)
Chapter Summary	446	(1)
Practice Test	446	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	447	(2)
Chapter Quizzes	449	(4)
Habit Reversal Procedures	453	(18)
Examples of Habit Behaviors	453	(1)
Defining Habit Behaviors	454	(2)
Nervous Habits	454	(1)
Motor and Vocal Tics	455	(1)
Stuttering	456	(1)
Habit Reversal Procedures	456	(1)
Applications of Habit Reversal	457	(3)
Nervous Habits	457	(1)
Motor and Vocal Tics	458	(1)
Stuttering	459	(1)
Why Do Habit Reversal Procedures Work?	460	(2)
Other Treatment Procedures for Habit Disorders	462	(1)
Chapter Summary	463	(1)
Practice Test	464	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	465	(2)
Chapter Quizzes	467	(4)
Rehabilitating Sammy	471	(1)
The Token Economy	471	(22)
Defining a Token Economy	472	(2)
Implementing a Token Economy	474	(5)
Defining the Target Behaviors	474	(1)
Identifying the Items to Use as Tokens	474	(1)
Identifying Backup Reinforcers	475	(1)
Deciding on the Appropriate Schedule of Reinforcement	476	(1)
Establishing the Token Exchange Rate	477	(1)
Establishing the Time and Place for Exchanging Tokens	477	(1)
Deciding Whether to Use Response Cost	478	(1)
Staff Training and Management	479	(1)
Practical Considerations	479	(1)
Applications of a Token Economy	480	(6)
Advantages and Disadvantages of a Token Economy	486	(1)
Chapter Summary	486	(1)
Practice Test	487	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	487	(2)
Chapter Quizzes	489	(4)
Behavioral Contracts	493	(20)
Examples of Behavioral Contracting	493	(3)
Getting Steve to Complete His Dissertation	493	(1)
Helping Dan and His Parents Get Along Better	494	(2)
Defining the Behavioral Contract	496	(1)
Components of a Behavioral Contract	496	(2)
Types of Behavioral Contracts	498	(2)
One-Party Contracts	498	(1)
Two-Party Contracts	499	(1)
Negotiating a Behavioral Contract	500	(1)
Why Do Behavioral Contracts Influence Behavior?	501	(1)
Applications of Behavioral Contracts	502	(3)
Chapter Summary	505	(1)
Practice Test	506	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	506	(3)
Chapter Quizzes	509	(4)
Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures	513	(24)
Examples of Fear and Anxiety Reduction	513	(2)
Overcoming Trisha's Fear of Public Speaking	513	(1)
Overcoming Allison's Fear of Spiders	514	(1)
Defining Fear and Anxiety Problems	515	(2)
Procedures to Reduce Fear and Anxiety	517	(12)
Relaxation Training	518	(4)
Systematic Desensitization	522	(4)
In Vivo Desensitization	526	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Systematic and In Vivo Desensitization	527	(2)
Other Treatments for Fears	529	(1)
Clinical Problems	529	(1)
Chapter Summary	530	(1)
Practice Test	530	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	531	(2)
Chapter Quizzes	533	(4)
Cognitive Behavior Modification	537	(20)
Examples of Cognitive Behavior Modification	537	(3)
Helping Deon Control His Anger	537	(2)
Helping Claire Pay Attention in Class	539	(1)
Defining Cognitive Behavior Modification	540	(2)
Defining Cognitive Behavior	540	(1)
Functions of Cognitive Behavior	541	(1)
Cognitive Behavior Modification Procedures	542	(7)
Cognitive Restructuring	542	(4)
Cognitive Coping Skills Training	546	(3)
Acceptance-Based Therapies	549	(1)
Clinical Problems	549	(1)
Chapter Summary	549	(1)
Practice Test	550	(1)
Applications/Misapplications	550	(3)
Chapter Quizzes	553	(4)
Glossary	557	(12)
References	569	(21)
Credits	590	(2)
Name Index	592	(5)
Subject Index	597