This book examines how beliefs shape leaders' perceptions of reality and lead to cognitive and motivated biases that distort, block, and recast incoming information from the environment. Using content analysis and formal modeling methods associated with quantitative operational code analysis, contributors analyze how beliefs affect policies related to international security and international political economy.

Mark Schafer is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Louisiana State University. Stephen G. Walker is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Arizona State University

Beliefs and Leadership in World Politics: Methods and Applications of Operational Code Methods and Applications of Operational Code Analysis--Stephen G. Walker & Mark Schafer * Lists of Tables, Figures, and Appendices * Notes on Editors and Contributors * Preface * Introduction * Belief Systems as Causal Mechanisms in World Politics: An Overview of Operational Code Analysis--Stephen G. Walker & Mark Schafer * Part I: Methods: Content Analysis and Formal Models * Operational Code Analysis at a Distance: The Verbs in Context System of Cotnent Analysis--Mark Schafer and Stephen G. Walker * A World of Beliefs: Modeling Interactions Among Agents with Different Operational Codes--B. Gregory Marfleet & Stephen G. Walker * Part II: Applications: The Domain of Leader-Advisor Relations * The Eyes of Kesteven: How the Worldviews of Margaret Thatcher and Her Cabinet Influenced British Foreign Policy--Scott Crichlow * George W. Bush and the Vulcans: Leader-Advisor Relations and America’s Response to the 9/11 Attacks--Sam Robinson * Part III: Applications: The Domain of International Security * Reagan and Gorbachev: Altercasting at the End of the Cold War--Akan Malici * Crisis Deferred: An Operational Code Analysis of Chinese Leaders across the Strait--Huiyun Feng * Links Among Beliefs and Personality Traits: The Distinctive Language of Terrorists--Elena Lazarevska, Jayne Scholl & Michael Young * Part IV: Applications: The Domain of International Political Economy * Economic Sanctions and Operational Code Analysis: Beliefs and the Use of Economic Coercion--Cooper Drury * Economic Liberalism and the Operational Code Beliefs of U.S. Presidents: The Initiation of NAFTA Disputes, 1989-2002--Matthew Stevenson * The Political Psychology of the Asian Financial Crisis--Cameron Thies * Conclusion * Structural International Relations Theories and the Future of Operational Code Analysis--Stephen G. Walker & Mark Schafer * Bibliography

Beliefs and Leadership in World Politics: Methods and Applications of Operational Code Methods and Applications of Operational Code Analysis--Stephen G. Walker and Mark Schafer * Lists of Tables, Figures, and Appendices * Notes on Editors and Contributors * Preface * Introduction * Belief Systems as Causal Mechanisms in World Politics: An Overview of Operational Code Analysis--Stephen G. Walker and Mark Schafer * Part I. Methods: Content Analysis and Formal Models * Operational Code Analysis at a Distance: The Verbs in Context System of Cotnent Analysis--Mark Schafer and Stephen G. Walker * A World of Beliefs: Modeling Interactions Among Agents with Different Operational Codes--B. Gregory Marfleet and Stephen G. Walker * Part II. Applications: The Domain of Leader-Advisor Relations * The Eyes of Kesteven: How the Worldviews of Margaret Thatcher and Her Cabinet Influenced British Foreign Policy--Scott Crichlow * George W. Bush and the Vulcans: Leader-Advisor Relations and America’s Response to the 9/11 Attacks--Sam Robinson * Part III. Applications: The Domain of International Security * Reagan and Gorbachev: Altercasting at the End of the Cold War--Akan Malici * Crisis Deferred: An Operational Code Analysis of Chinese Leaders across the Strait--Huiyun Feng * Links Among Beliefs and Personality Traits: The Distinctive Language of Terrorists--Elena Lazarevska, Jayne Scholl, and Michael Young * Part IV. Applications: The Domain of International Political Economy * Economic Sanctions and Operational Code Analysis: Beliefs and the Use of Economic Coercion--Cooper Drury * Economic Liberalism and the Operational Code Beliefs of U.S. Presidents: The Initiation of NAFTA Disputes, 1989-2002--Matthew Stevenson * The Political Psychology of the Asian Financial Crisis--Cameron Thies * Conclusion * Structural International Relations Theories and the Future of Operational Code Analysis--Stephen G. Walker and Mark Schafer * Bibliography

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