Beryllium

by Brisson, Michael J.; Ekechukwu, Amy A.

• ISBN13: 9781847559036
• ISBN10: 1847559034
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-10-01
• Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry

Summary

As the use of beryllium grows worldwide, the need for a single source of information on this important but toxic element is of increasing importance. This comprehensive book describes all aspects of the current sampling and analysis techniques for trace- level beryllium in the workplace. It offers both a historical perspective and a description of the state-of-the-art in a single place.

Table of Contents

Overview of Beryllium Sampling and Analysis: Occupational Hygiene and Environmental Applications	p. 1
Introduction	p. 2
Goals of this Book	p. 3
Background	p. 3
Beryllium Sources	p. 3
Beryllium Uses	p. 4
Health Risks	p. 5
Occupational Exposure Limits	p. 6
Impact of US Department of Energy Regulation	p. 6
Environmental Beryllium and Soil Remediation	p. 8
Beryllium in Water	p. 8
Sampling Overview	p. 8
Air Sampling	p. 8
Surface Sampling	p. 9
Dermal and Soil Sampling	p. 10
Analysis Overview	p. 10
Summary of Current Techniques	p. 10
Sample Preparation	p. 10
Data Evaluation and Reporting	p. 11
Future Analytical Challenges	p. 11
Acknowledgements	p. 12
References	p. 13
Air Sampling	p. 17
Introduction	p. 18
Sampling Strategies	p. 19
Sampling for Compliance with a Limit Value	p. 19
Sampling to Identify a Group Range of Exposures	p. 21
Real-Time Monitoring	p. 22
Area Versus Personal Sampling	p. 24
Choice of Sampling Time	p. 25
Aerosols	p. 26
Sources and Types of Beryllium Aerosols	p. 27
Aerosol Sampling	p. 28
Size-selective Sampling	p. 29
The Inhalable Convention	p. 29
Thoracic Convention	p. 31
Respirable Conventions	p. 32
High Volume Sampling	p. 32
Ultra-fine Particle Sampling	p. 33
Calibration and Quality Control	p. 34
Filters	p. 36
Glass and Quartz Fiber Filters	p. 37
PVC Filters	p. 37
MCE Filters	p. 37
Polycarbonate Filters	p. 38
PTFE Filters	p. 38
Filter Support	p. 38
Filter "Handedness"	p. 38
Samplers for Inhalable Sampling	p. 38
IOM Sampler	p. 38
Button Sampler	p. 40
GSP Sampler	p. 40
CFC Sampler	p. 41
Evaluating Internal Wail Deposits	p. 41
The CFC and the Inhalable Convention	p. 44
CIP-10 Sampler	p. 44
An Inhalable Convention for Slowly Moving Air	p. 45
Very Large Particles	p. 45
Samplers for Respirable Sampling	p. 46
Comments on Cyclone Design	p. 46
The Dorr-Oliver (DO) or "Nylon" Cyclone	p. 47
The GS-3 Cyclone	p. 48
IOSH Cyclone	p. 48
Aluminium Cyclone	p. 49
Higgens-Dewell Cyclone	p. 49
GK
Cyclone	p. 49
FSP-10 Cyclone	p. 49
Sampling for Different Fractions	p. 49
Sampling in Beryllium Facilities	p. 50
Sampling Emissions Sources for Beryllium	p. 53
Analytical Considerations for Selecting a .Sampling Method	p. 53
Air Sampling in Retrospective Exposure Assessments	p. 55
Conclusion	p. 55
Bibliography	p. 56
References	p. 57
Surface Sampling: Successful Surface Sampling for Beryllium	p. 68
Surface Sampling	p. 68
Wipe Sampling	p. 69
Bulk Sampling	p. 70
Vacuum Sampling	p. 71
Locations of Sample Points and Number of Samples	p. 71
Randomly Selected Sample Points	p. 71
Biased or Judgmental Sample Points	p. 72
Sampling Techniques	p. 72
Speed and Pressure	p. 72
Selection of Sampling Medium	p. 72
Determining Surface Area	p. 73
Field Analysis	p. 74
Protecting Sample Process and Samples from Contamination	p. 74
Inappropriate Sampling or Techniques	p. 75
Sample Planning	p. 75
Determine Needs	p. 75
Contaminated Surfaces	p. 76
Planning Tools	p. 76
Standard Operating Procedure	p. 76
Overall Sampling Plan	p. 76
Site History	p. 78
Sampling Safety	p. 78
Personal Protection Equipment	p. 78
Personal Factors and Needs	p. 78
Sample Protection	p. 80
Recordkeeping	p. 81
Chain-of-custody	p. 81
Oversight of Sampling	p. 81
Photography Requirements and Permits	p. 82
Selecting and Pre-qualifying the Laboratory	p. 82
Quality Control Measures	p. 83
Sampling Supplies	p. 83
Consumable Supplies	p. 83
Non-consumable Supplies	p. 84
Summary	p. 85
Acknowledgements	p. 86
References	p. 86
Sample Dissolution Reagents for Beryllium: Applications in Occupational and Environmental Hygiene	p. 89
Introduction	p. 90
Background	p. 90
Beryllium in Geological Media	p. 90
Beryllium Ores	p. 91
Soils and Silicates	p. 91
Occupational Hygiene Samples	p. 92
Workplace Air Samples	p. 93
Surface Samples	p. 95
Bulk Samples	p. 96
Summary	p. 97
Acknowledgements	p. 97
References	p. 98
Heating Sources for Beryllium Sample Preparation: Applications in Occupational and Environmental Hygiene	p. 102
Introduction	p. 103
Background	p. 103
Beryllium in Geological Media and Soils	p. 105
Occupational Hygiene Samples	p. 107
Workplace Air Samples	p. 107
Surface Samples	p. 109
Summary	p. 110
References	p. 111
Beryllium Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry	p. 113
Introduction	p. 114
Preparation of Samples	p. 114
Methods Available for Sample Analysis by ICP-AES orlCP-MS	p. 115
Analytical Considerations for Selecting a Sample Preparation Method	p. 115
Challenges with Beryllium Samples for Analysis by ICP-AES or ICP-MS	p. 116
Quality Control and Quality Assurance	p. 118
ICP Overview	p. 119
Analysis by ICP-AES	p. 121
Interferences	p. 121
Considerations when Working With Beryllium	p. 123
Analysis by ICP-MS	p. 124
Selectivity and Interferences	p. 125
Considerations when Working with Beryllium	p. 129
References	p. 329
Beryllium Analysis by Non-Plasma Based Methods	p. 131
Introduction	p. 131
Fluorescence	p. 132
Background	p. 132
Applications	p. 132
Atomic Absorption	p. 136
Background	p. 136
Applications	p. 137
UV-Visible Spectroscopy	p. 138
Electrochemistry	p. 140
Adsorptive Stripping Voitammetric Measurements of Trace Beryllium at the Mercury Film Electrode	p. 140
Beryllium-Selective Membrane Electrode Based on Benzo-9-crown-3	p. 141
New Diamino Compound as Neutral Ionophore for Highly Selective and Sensitive PVC Membrane Electrode for Be(II) Ion	p. 142
Beryllium-Selective Membrane Sensor Based on 3, 4-Di[2-(2-Tetrahydro-2H-Pyranoxy)] Ethoxy Styrene-Styrene Copolymer	p. 142
New Diamino Compound as Neutral Ionophore for Highly Selective and Sensitive PVC Membrane Electrode for Be(II) Ion	p. 142
Other Methods	p. 143
Utilization of Solid Phase Spectrophotometry for Determination of Trace Amounts of Beryllium in Natural Water	p. 143
Selective Determination of Beryllium(II) Ion at Picomole per Decimeter Cubed Levels by Kinetic Differentiation Mode Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorometric Detection Using 2-(2'-Hydroxyphenyl)-10-hydroxybenzo[h]qui-noline as Precolumn Chelating Reagent	p. 143
References	p. 144
Data Use, Quality, Reporting, and Communication	p. 147
Introduction and Overview	p. 148
Laboratory Reports	p. 148
"Reporting Limits" and "Detection Limits"	p. 149
Uses of Beryllium Data	p. 151
"Detection Limits" and Related Concepts	p. 152
Currie's Detection and Quantitation Concepts	p. 152
Implementations of Currie's Concepts: the US EPA MDL	p. 162
Recent Advances: ASTM Contributions	p. 165
"Reporting Limits"	p. 166
Data and Measurement Quality Objectives	p. 167
Evaluation of Data Quality Objectives	p. 167
Alternatives to "Detection Limits"	p. 173
Total Measurement Uncertainty	p. 174
Using Uncensored Data	p. 175
Using Uncensored Data: Technical Issues	p. 176
Using Uncensored Data: Non-technical Issues	p. 177
Summary	p. 178
References	p. 179
Applications, Future Trends, and Opportunities	p. 182
Introduction	p. 183
Monitoring	p. 183
Baseline Monitoring	p. 183
Compliance Monitoring	p. 184
Diagnostic Monitoring	p. 185
Exposure Monitoring	p. 185
Future Trends	p. 185
Air Sampling	p. 186
Analytical Methods	p. 187
Speciation	p. 187
Making Use of Censored Data	p. 188
Dermal Sampling	p. 188
Surface Dust Sampling	p. 189
Real-Time/Near Real-Time Measurement	p. 189
Research History	p. 189
Future Research Directions	p. 191
References	p. 192
Subject Index	p. 194
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.