Beyond AI

by HALL, J. STORRS PHD

• ISBN13: 9781591025115
• ISBN10: 1591025117
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-05-01
• Publisher: Prometheus Books

Summary

With a 30-yr career in artificial intelligence (AI) and computer science, reviews the history of AI, predicting the probable achievements in the near future and provides an intriguing glimpse into the astonishing possibilities and dilemmas on the horizon.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. 15
Introduction	p. 19
The Sin of Frankenstein	p. 19
Brave New World	p. 21
Back to the Present	p. 26
Critiquing Artificial Reason	p. 28
The Road to Intelligence	p. 33
Predicting AI	p. 33
The Most Dangerous Game	p. 36
Human See, Human Do	p. 40
Creativity	p. 42
Cybernetics	p. 45
The War in the Air	p. 45
Feedback and Homeostasis	p. 48
Putting It All Together	p. 50
The Strange Death of Cybernetics	p. 52
The Remains of Cybernetics	p. 55
Estimation and Control Theory	p. 55
Information Theory	p. 56
Computational Neuroscience	p. 57
Neural Networks	p. 57
Computers	p. 58
Artificial Intelligence	p. 58
Philosophy of Mind	p. 59
What We Lost	p. 60
Symbolic AI: The Golden Age	p. 61
The Turing Test	p. 63
ELIZA	p. 65
Logic	p. 68
LISP	p. 69
Predicting Machines	p. 70
Computers and Thought	p. 72
Semantic Information Processing	p. 74
Semantic Nets	p. 75
Frames	p. 76
SHRDLU	p. 77
AM and EURISKO	p. 78
Diaspora	p. 81
Computing Power	p. 83
Common LISP	p. 87
Formalist Float	p. 89
Fuzzy Language	p. 92
Symbol Grounding	p. 98
Competence	p. 101
The New Synthesis	p. 103
In the Name of Science	p. 103
The Proper Study	p. 105
Evolutionary Psychology	p. 106
Computational Theory of Mind	p. 108
Massive Modularity	p. 110
The Fox and the Crow	p. 113
A Mass of Modules	p. 114
Renaissance	p. 116
Beyond Human Ken?	p. 119
Universal Intelligence	p. 119
The Case Against Universality	p. 122
The Argument from Animals	p. 122
The Argument from Experience	p. 122
The Argument from Inductive Bias	p. 124
The Case for Universality	p. 124
Algorithmic Probability	p. 125
The Argument from Biological Self-Reproduction	p. 125
The Argument from Evolution	p. 126
The Subjective Argument	p. 127
The Argument from Human Uniqueness	p. 128
The Argument from the Scientific Community	p. 128
Conclusions	p. 129
Implications	p. 130
Autogeny	p. 133
The Metaphorical Man	p. 133
Mind Children	p. 136
Learning in AI	p. 138
Robotics	p. 138
Machine Learning	p. 139
Explanation-Based Learning	p. 139
Grasp	p. 141
Formalist Flat and Autogeny	p. 143
Where We Stand	p. 145
Representation and Search	p. 147
Search	p. 147
Representation	p. 148
Representations in AI	p. 151
Logic and Semantic Networks	p. 151
Bayesian Inference	p. 152
Evidence Grids	p. 155
Bayesian Networks	p. 155
Limits to Growth	p. 157
n-Spaces and Hill Climbing	p. 160
Biased Random Walks	p. 162
Utility-Guided Search	p. 163
Universal AI	p. 164
Fun and Games	p. 165
Chess	p. 166
Go	p. 167
Soccer	p. 170
Global Thermonuclear War	p. 172
The Prisoner's Dilemma	p. 173
Newcomb's Problem	p. 175
Superrationality	p. 176
Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma	p. 177
Design and Learning	p. 181
Multilevel Design	p. 182
Evolution-Based Search	p. 183
Bayesian Credit Assignment	p. 186
Economics-Based Search	p. 187
Planning and Programming	p. 188
Design	p. 190
A Lattice of Goods	p. 192
Analogy and Perception	p. 195
Structure Matching	p. 196
Top-down Representation	p. 198
COPYCAT and the FARGitecture	p. 199
Herding Cats	p. 202
Lost in Space	p. 203
Case-Based Reasoning	p. 205
Associative Processing	p. 205
Design for a Brain	p. 209
Methodology	p. 209
	p. 211
	p. 214
	p. 215
Dimensionality	p. 215
Modularization	p. 217
	p. 218
Servo with a Simile	p. 221
Analogical Quadrature	p. 223
Autogeny	p. 224
An Economy of Mind	p. 227
Language	p. 227
Abstraction Hierarchies	p. 229
Active Interpretation	p. 230
Higher-Level Architecture, with Feedback	p. 232
Common Sense	p. 233
The Marketplace of Ideas	p. 236
Chunking and the Firm	p. 237
Homunculi in the Middle	p. 238
And a Star to Steer Her By	p. 239
Kinds of Minds	p. 241
Hypohuman AI	p. 241
Diahuman AI	p. 242
Parahuman AI	p. 243
Allohuman AI	p. 244
Epihuman AI	p. 245
Hyperhuman AI	p. 247
When	p. 249
Why	p. 249
What	p. 250
How	p. 251
Software	p. 251
Hardware	p. 252
Who	p. 253
The Military	p. 253
Universities	p. 254
Industry Laboratories	p. 254
Start-ups and Open Source	p. 255
Where	p. 256
When	p. 256
Business as Usual	p. 257
Breakthrough	p. 258
Philosophical Extrapolations	p. 263
Dualism	p. 264
The Computational Stance	p. 266
Free Will	p. 269
Symbols and Meaning	p. 273
Machines and Meaning	p. 277
Consciousness	p. 279
Sentience	p. 280
Self-Awareness	p. 281
Qualia	p. 283
Attention	p. 284
The Unity of Experience	p. 284
Folk Psychology	p. 288
Emotions	p. 290
Evolutionary Ethics	p. 293
What Morals Are	p. 293
Memetic Ethics	p. 295
Variation	p. 298
Classical Ethics	p. 300
Types of Ethical Theory	p. 301
The Pursuit of Eudaimonia	p. 303
Golden Rules	p. 303
Utilitarianism	p. 304
Rule-Utilitarianism	p. 307
The Veil of Ignorance	p. 308
The Moral Epistemology of the Scottish Enlightenment	p. 309
Contracts	p. 311
Heterogeneous Ethics	p. 312
Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics	p. 315
Three Laws: Unsafe?	p. 316
They Wouldn't Work	p. 316
They Would Work Too Well	p. 319
They Would Be Unfair to the Robots	p. 320
They Won't Be Implemented	p. 321
Asenian Architecture	p. 322
Id	p. 324
Ego	p. 325
Superego	p. 326
Closing the Circle	p. 328
Rational Fools	p. 329
The Age of Virtuous Machines	p. 333
Ethical AIs	p. 333
Hard Takeoff	p. 335
Moral Mechanisms	p. 338
The Bad News	p. 339
The Good News	p. 339
Invariants	p. 347
Artificial Moral Agency	p. 348
Theological Interlude	p. 349
Hyperhuman Morality	p. 350
Why the Future Doesn't Need Us	p. 352
Age of Reason	p. 354
Profiles of the Future	p. 357
Singularity	p. 357
Things to Come	p. 361
The Machines Might Just Take Over	p. 362
They Might Just Crowd Us Out Instead	p. 363
Politics Might Squelch the Revolution	p. 364
The Easy Life Might Spoil Humans	p. 364
We Might Turn into Weird, Icky Cyborgs	p. 366
Frankenstein Redux	p. 367
Notes	p. 369
Bibliography	p. 391
Index	p. 403
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