The Biochemistry of Inorganic Polyphosphates

by Kulaev, Igor S.; Vagabov, Vladimir; Kulakovskaya, Tatiana

• ISBN13: 9780470858103
• ISBN10: 0470858109
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-06-18
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Now in a second edition, Biochemistry of Inorganic Polyphosphates fills the need for an exhaustive resource on inorganic polyphosphate metabolism. The authors describe the structure and properties of these compounds and presents a comparative analysis of the newest and traditional methods of their extraction from cells. Distribution of polyphosphates in organisms, their localization in cells and tissues is also described. Comprehensive presentation of inorganic polyphosphate metabolism Follows polyphosphates in cells of organisms from different stages of evolution Presents methods for the analysis and study of polyP-dependent enzymes Comprehensive information on genetics, metabolism and biotechnology of polyphosphates Textbook and reference work on all aspects of polyphosphates

Author Biography

I. S. Kulaev: Moscow State University, G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences V. M. Vagabov and T. V. Kulakovskaya: G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences

Table of Contents

Foreword to the First Edition	xi
Preface	xiii
Acknowledgements	xv
Introduction	1	(2)
The Chemical Structures and Properties of Condensed Inorganic Phosphates	3	(12)
The Structures of Condensed Phosphates	3	(6)
Cyclophosphates	4	(1)
Polyphosphates	5	(2)
Branched Inorganic Phosphates, or `Ultraphosphates'	7	(2)
Some Chemical Properties of Condensed Inorganic Polyphosphates	9	(3)
Physico-Chemical Properties of Condensed Inorganic Polyphosphates	12	(3)
Methods of Polyphosphate Assay in Biological Materials	15	(22)
Methods of Extraction from Biological Materials	15	(2)
Chromatographic Methods	17	(3)
Colorimetric and Fluorimetric Methods	20	(2)
Cytochemical Methods	22	(2)
X-Ray Energy Dispersive Analysis	24	(2)
31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy	26	(5)
Other Physical Methods	31	(1)
Gel Electrophoresis	31	(2)
Enzymatic Methods	33	(4)
The Occurrence of Polyphosphates in Living Organisms	37	(8)
The Forms in which Polyphosphates are Present in Cells	45	(8)
Polyphosphate-Cation Complexes	45	(1)
Polyphosphate-Ca2+-Polyhydroxybutyrate Complexes	46	(1)
Complexes of Polyphosphates with Nucleic Acids	46	(4)
Binding of Polyphosphates with Proteins	50	(3)
Localization of Polyphosphates in Cells of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes	53	(12)
Prokaryotes	53	(2)
Eukaryotes	55	(10)
Enzymes of Polyphosphate Biosynthesis and Degradation	65	(26)
Enzymes of Polyphosphate Biosynthesis	65	(8)
Polyphosphate Kinase (Polyphosphate:ADP Phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.4.1)	65	(5)
3-Phospho-D-Glyceroyl-Phosphate:Polyphosphate Phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.4.17)	70	(1)
Dolichyl-Diphosphate:Polyphosphate Phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.4.20)	71	(2)
Enzymes of Polyphosphate Degradation	73	(18)
Polyphosphate-Glucose Phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.63)	73	(2)
NAD Kinase (ATP:NAD 2'-Phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.23)	75	(1)
Exopolyphosphatase (Polyphosphate Phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.11)	75	(10)
Adenosine-Tetraphosphate Phosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.14)	85	(1)
Triphosphatase (Tripolyphosphatase, EC 3.6.1.25)	85	(1)
Endopolyphosphatase (Polyphosphate Depolymerase, EC 3.6.1.10)	86	(1)
PolyP:AMP Phosphotransferase	87	(4)
The Functions of Polyphosphates and Polyphosphate-Dependent Enzymes	91	(34)
Phosphate Reserve	91	(3)
In Prokaryotes	92	(1)
In Eukaryotes	93	(1)
Energy Source	94	(3)
Polyphosphates in Biocnergetics of Prokaryotes	94	(1)
Polyphosphate in Bioenergetics of Eukaryotes	95	(2)
Cations Sequestration and Storage	97	(2)
In Prokaryotes	97	(1)
In Eukaryotes	97	(2)
Participation in Membrane Transport	99	(4)
Cell Envelope Formation and Function	103	(3)
Polyphosphates in the Cell Envelopes of Prokaryotes	103	(1)
Polyphosphates in the Cell Envelopes of Eukaryotes	104	(2)
Regulation of Enzyme Activities	106	(2)
Gene Activity Control, Development and Stress Response	108	(10)
In Prokaryotes	108	(7)
In Lower Eukaryotes	115	(3)
The Functions of Polyphosphates in Higher Eukaryotes	118	(7)
The Peculiarities of Polyphosphate Metabolism in Different Organisms	125	(58)
Escherichia coli	125	(6)
The Dynamics of Polyphosphates under Culture Growth	125	(2)
The Effects of Pi Limitation and Excess	127	(2)
The Effects of Mutations on Polyphosphate Levels and Polyphosphate-Metabolizing Enzyme Activities	129	(2)
The Effects of Nutrition Deficiency and Environmental Stress	131	(1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	131	(3)
Acinetobacter	134	(1)
Aerobacter aerogenes (Klebsiella aerogenes)	135	(2)
Azotobacter	137	(1)
Cyanobacteria (Blue--Green Algae) and other Photosynthetic Bacteria	138	(2)
Mycobacteria and Corynebacteria	140	(2)
Propionibacteria	142	(3)
Archae	145	(2)
Yeast	147	(18)
Yeast Cells Possess Different Polyphosphate Fractions	147	(1)
The Dynamics of PolyP Fractions during the Cell Cycle	148	(2)
The Relationship between the Metabolism of Polyphosphates and other Compounds	150	(1)
Polyphosphate Fractions at Growth on a Pi-Sufficient Medium with Glucose	150	(3)
The Effects of Pi Limitation and Excess	153	(4)
The Effects of other Conditions on the Polyphosphate Content in Yeast Cells	157	(3)
The Effects of Inhibitors on the Polyphosphate Content in Yeast Cells	160	(2)
The Effects of Mutations on the Content and Chain Lengths of Polyphosphate in Yeast	162	(3)
Other Fungi (Mould and Mushrooms)	165	(2)
Algae	167	(8)
Localization and Forms in Cells	167	(4)
The Dynamics of Polyphosphates in the Course of Growth	171	(1)
The Influence of Light and Darkness	172	(2)
The Effects of Pi Limitation and Excess	174	(1)
Changes in Polyphosphate Content under Stress Conditions	175	(1)
Protozoa	175	(2)
Higher Plants	177	(1)
Animals	177	(6)
Applied Aspects of Polyphosphate Biochemistry	183	(10)
Bioremediation of the Environment	183	(3)
Enhanced Biological Phosphate Removal	183	(3)
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste	186	(1)
Polyphosphates and Polyphosphate-Metabolizing Enzymes in Assay and Synthesis	186	(2)
Polyphosphates in Medicine	188	(2)
Antiseptic and Antiviral Agents	188	(1)
Polyphosphate Kinase as a Promising Antimicrobial Target	188	(1)
Polyphosphates as New Biomaterials	189	(1)
Polyphosphates in Bone Therapy and Stomathology	189	(1)
Polyphosphates in Agriculture	190	(1)
Polyphosphates in the Food Industry	190	(3)
Inorganic Polyphosphates in Chemical and Biological Evolution	193	(18)
Abiogenic Synthesis of Polyphosphates and Pyrophosphate	194	(1)
Phosphorus Compounds in Chemical Evolution	195	(3)
Polyphosphates and Pyrophosphates: Fossil Biochemical Reactions and the Course of Bioenergetic Evolution	198	(6)
Changes in the Role of Polyphosphates in Organisms at Different Evolutionary Stages	204	(7)
References	211	(58)
Index of Generic Names	269	(4)
Subject Index	273