Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant-Pathogen Interactions

by Hooykaas, Paul J. J.; Hall, M. A.; Libbenga, K. R.

• ISBN13: 9780444898258
• ISBN10: 0444898255
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-06-01
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd

Summary

This book provides up-to-date coverage at an advanced level of a range of topics in the biochemistry and molecular biology of plant hormones , with particular emphasis on biosynthesis, metabolism and mechanisms of action. Each contribution is written by acknowledged experts in the field, providing definitive coverage of the field.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
List of contributors	vii
Other volumes in the series	xxi
I - Introduction and Methodology
Introduction: Nature, occurrence and functioning of plant hormones	3	(20)
Robert E. Cleland
What is a plant hormone?	3	(1)
The history of plant hormones	4	(1)
Methods for determining the biological roles of plant hormones	5	(2)
Methods	5	(1)
Cautions and problems	6	(1)
The occurrence and role of individual hormones	7	(12)
Hormone groups	7	(1)
Auxins	8	(2)
Cytokinins	10	(2)
Gibberellins	12	(1)
Ethylene	13	(2)
Abscisic acid	15	(1)
Other hormones	16	(3)
References	19	(4)
Physico-chemical methods of plant hormone analysis	23	(38)
Alan Crozier
Thomas Moritz
Introduction	23	(1)
The analytical problem	24	(1)
Extraction	25	(2)
Sample purification	27	(2)
Solvent partitioning	27	(1)
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone	27	(1)
Solid phase extraction	28	(1)
Immunoaffinity chromatography	29	(1)
High performance liquid chromatography	29	(1)
Derivatization	29	(3)
Methylation	29	(2)
Trimethylsilylation	31	(1)
Permethylation	31	(1)
Other derivatives	31	(1)
Analytical methods	32	(18)
Gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring	33	(2)
High performance liquid chromatography analysis of indole-3-acetic acid	35	(5)
High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry	40	(10)
Metabolic studies	50	(3)
Concluding comments	53	(1)
Recent developments	54	(2)
References	56	(5)
Immunological methods in plant hormone research	61	(28)
Michael H. Beale
Introduction	61	(1)
Preparation and characteristics of antibodies	62	(12)
General considerations	62	(1)
Auxins	63	(1)
Cytokinins	64	(3)
Abscisic acid	67	(2)
Gibberellins	69	(3)
Brassinosteroids	72	(1)
Jasmonic acid	73	(1)
Fusicoccin	74	(1)
Immunoassays	74	(3)
General principles	74	(2)
Validation of assays	76	(1)
Immunoaffinity chromatography	77	(2)
Immunolocalisation	79	(1)
Anti-idiotypes and molecular mimicry	80	(1)
Immunomodulation of plant hormone levels	81	(1)
Conclusions	82	(1)
Acknowledgement	83	(1)
References	84	(5)
Structure-activity relationships of plant growth regulators	89	(26)
Gerard F. Katekar
Introduction	89	(1)
Auxins	90	(3)
Auxin structure-activity	90	(2)
Conformational analysis	92	(1)
Anti-auxins	92	(1)
Abscisic acid	93	(2)
Structure-activity	93	(1)
Receptor requirements	94	(1)
Cytokinins	95	(2)
Structure-activity	95	(2)
Competitive inhibitors	97	(1)
Gibberellins	97	(3)
Structure-activity	97	(3)
Ethylene	100	(2)
Structure-activity	100	(2)
A receptor probe	102	(1)
Brassinolides	102	(1)
Structure-activity	102	(1)
Receptor considerations	103	(1)
Jasmonic acid and related molecules	103	(2)
Properties	103	(1)
Structure-activity	104	(1)
Tuberonic acid	104	(1)
Fusicoccin	105	(1)
Structure-activity	105	(1)
Molecules which bind to the NPA receptor	106	(2)
Phytotropins	106	(2)
Other molecules	108	(1)
Conclusions	108	(1)
References	108	(7)
II - Control of Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism
Auxins	115	(26)
Janet P. Slovin
Robert S. Bandurski
Jerry D. Cohen
Inputs to and outputs from the IAA pool	115	(1)
Auxin biosynthesis	116	(6)
General - What is meant by synthesis?	116	(1)
De novo aromatic synthesis	117	(1)
Conversion of tryptophan to IAA	118	(2)
Pathways not involving tryptophan	120	(1)
4-Chloroindole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid in plants	121	(1)
Metabolism of IAA	122	(10)
The conjugates of IAA	122	(3)
Conjugation of IAA	125	(1)
Hydrolysis of IAA conjugates	126	(2)
IAA oxidation	128	(3)
Oxidation of IAA conjugates	131	(1)
Microbial pathways for IAA biosynthesis	132	(1)
Environmental and genetic control of IAA metabolism	133	(2)
Tropic curvature	133	(1)
Vascular development	133	(1)
Genetics of auxin metabolism	134	(1)
References	135	(6)
Control of cytokinin biosynthesis and metabolism	141	(20)
Eva Zazimalova
Alena Brezinova
Vaclav Motyka
Miroslav Kaminek
Introduction	141	(1)
Cytokinin biosynthesis	141	(6)
De novo formation of isoprenoid and isoprenoid-derived cytokinins	143	(4)
Formation of aromatic cytokinins	147	(1)
Cytokinin metabolism	147	(5)
Reactions resulting in N6 side chain modification	147	(3)
Reactions resulting in the modification of the purine ring	150	(2)
Mechanisms of regulation of cytokinin metabolism in plants	152	(3)
Control of cytokinin metabolism in plant cell	152	(3)
Conclusion	155	(1)
Acknowledgements	155	(1)
References	155	(6)
Regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis	161	(28)
Peter Hedden
Introduction	161	(1)
Gibberellin biosynthesis	161	(7)
Pathways	162	(4)
Enzymes	166	(2)
Genetic control of biosynthesis	168	(3)
Chemical control of biosynthesis	171	(1)
Developmental control	172	(4)
Gibberellin biosynthesis and fruit development	173	(2)
Seed germination and seeding growth	175	(1)
Feed-back regulation	176	(2)
Environmental control	178	(3)
Control of GA metabolism by light	178	(2)
Control of GA metabolism by temperature	180	(1)
Conjugation	181	(1)
Summary and future prospects	181	(1)
Acknowledgements	182	(1)
References	182	(7)
Abscisic acid metabolism and its regulation	189	(20)
Jan A.D. Zeevaart
Introduction	189	(1)
Chemistry and measurement	190	(1)
Biosynthesis	191	(6)
General aspects	191	(1)
Evidence for the indirect pathway	191	(2)
Xanthophylls to xanthoxin	193	(2)
Xanthoxin to abscisic acid	195	(2)
Catabolism	197	(4)
Catabolism of abscisic acid	197	(2)
Catabolism of (-)-abscisic acid	199	(2)
Regulation of biosynthesis	201	(1)
Regulation of abscisic catabolism	202	(1)
Conclusions and prospects	203	(1)
Acknowledgements	203	(1)
References	203	(6)
Control of ethylene synthesis and metabolism	209	(38)
Hidemasa Imaseki
Ethylene	209	(32)
Biosynthesis	210	(4)
ACC synthase	214	(12)
ACC oxidase (ethylene-forming enzyme, EFE)	226	(4)
Metabolism of ethylene and ACC	230	(2)
Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis	232	(8)
Genetic engineering of ethylene biosynthesis	240	(1)
References	241	(6)
Oligosaccharins as regulators of plant growth	247	(20)
Stephen C. Fry
Introduction	247	(1)
The polysaccharides from which oligosaccharins are derived	248	(1)
Xyloglucan	248	(1)
Pectic polysaccharides	249	(1)
Xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides (XGOs)	249	(12)
Growth-inhibiting effects of xyloglucan oligosaccharides	249	(9)
Growth promoting effects of xyloglucan-fragments	258	(3)
Pectic oligosaccharides	261	(3)
Simple oligogalacturonides	261	(1)
Regulatory effects of other pectic fragments	262	(2)
Prospect	264	(1)
Acknowledgements	264	(1)
References	264	(3)
Jasmonic acid and related compounds	267	(10)
Teruhiko Yoshihara
Occurrence	267	(3)
Biosynthesis	270	(3)
Metabolism	273	(2)
References	275	(2)
Brassinosteroids	277	(18)
Takao Yokota
Introduction	277	(1)
Structural and biosynthetic relationships of BRs to sterols	278	(3)
Biosynthesis of sterols	281	(1)
Biosynthesis of brassinosteroids	281	(5)
Conversion of campesterol to campestanol	282	(2)
The early C6 oxidation pathway	284	(1)
The late C6 oxidation pathway	284	(1)
Conversion of castasterone to brassinolide	285	(1)
Regulation of brassinosteroid biosynthesis	285	(1)
Metabolism of brassinosteroids	286	(4)
Metabolism of castasterone, brassinolide, 24-epibrassinolide, 22,23,24-epibrassinolide in plants or explants	286	(2)
Metabolism of 24-epicastasterone and 24-epibrassinolide in cultured cells of tomato and Ornithopus sativus	288	(2)
Inhibitors of the biosynthesis and metabolism of brassinosteroids	290	(1)
References	291	(4)
Salicylic acid biosynthesis	295	(20)
Marianne C. Verberne
Retno A. Budi Muljono
Robert Verpoorte
Introduction	295	(2)
Salicylic acid biosynthesis along the phenylpropanoid pathway	297	(4)
Biosynthetic enzymes	300	(1)
Salicylic acid biosynthesis along the chorismate/isochorismate pathway	301	(8)
Biosynthetic pathway of SA	302	(2)
Biosynthetic pathway of 2,3-DHBA	304	(2)
Menaquinone biosynthesis	306	(2)
Regulation of SA and 2,3-DHBA biosynthesis	308	(1)
Conclusion	309	(1)
References	310	(5)
III - Hormone Perception and Transduction
Molecular characteristics and cellular roles of guanine nucleotide binding proteins in plant cells	315	(22)
P.A. Millner
T.H. Carr
Signal transducing GTPases within animal and fungal cells	315	(4)
Major subclasses	315	(3)
G-protein linked receptors and effectors	318	(1)
Evidence for plant G-proteins	319	(7)
Effects of GTP analogues	319	(1)
Cholera and pertussis toxins	320	(1)
Immunological evidence	321	(1)
Isolation and cloning of plant G-proteins	321	(5)
G-protein coupled receptors within plants	326	(1)
G-protein regulated effectors in plants	327	(1)
Nucleoside diphosphate kinases	328	(3)
Acknowledgements	331	(1)
References	331	(6)
Hormonal regulation of ion transporters: the guard cell system	337	(26)
S.M. Assmann
F. Armstrong
Introduction	337	(1)
Ion transport and its measurement	337	(3)
Summary of ionic events associated with stomatal movements	340	(5)
K+ channels and stomatal movement	341	(1)
Anion transporters in stomatal movement	341	(1)
Energising transporters and the control of Vm in stomatal movement	342	(1)
Ion transport at the tonoplast and its integration in stomatal function	342	(3)
Hormonal regulation of guard cell ion transport	345	(12)
Abscisic acid	345	(8)
Auxins	353	(2)
Other hormones: gibberellins, cytokinins, methyl jasmonate and ethylene	355	(2)
Conclusions and future prospects	357	(1)
Acknowledgements	357	(1)
References	357	(6)
Hormone-cytoskeleton interactions in plant cells	363	(28)
Frautiset Baluska
Dieter Volkmann
Peter W. Barlow
Introduction	363	(2)
Auxins and cytokinins	365	(11)
Auxins	365	(9)
Cytokinins	374	(1)
Interactions of auxins and cytokinins with the actin cytoskeleton	375	(1)
Gibberellins and brassinosteroids	376	(4)
Abscisic acid and ethylene	380	(3)
Abscisic acid	380	(1)
Ethylene	381	(2)
Other plant hormones and growth regulators	383	(1)
Provisional conclusions	384	(2)
References	386	(5)
Molecular approaches to study plant hormone signalling	391	(20)
Remko Offringa
Paul Hooykaas
Introduction	391	(1)
The mutant approach	391	(11)
Mutants that are insensitive or resistant to plant hormones	395	(2)
Hormone (independent) phenotypes	397	(1)
Suppressors of existing mutants	398	(1)
Hormone responsive promoters as tools	398	(4)
Other approaches	402	(4)
Identification through homology	402	(1)
Identification of transcription factors mediating the hormone response	403	(1)
Yeast as a tool to study plant signal transduction components	403	(3)
Conclusion	406	(1)
Acknowledgements	407	(1)
References	407	(4)
Auxin perception and signal transduction	411	(12)
Mark Estelle
Introduction	411	(1)
Rapid auxin responses	411	(1)
Auxin receptors	412	(2)
Signal transduction	414	(1)
Genetic studies of auxin response	415	(4)
Concluding remarks	419	(1)
Acknowledgements	419	(1)
References	419	(4)
Auxin-regulated genes and promoters	423	(38)
Tom J. Guilfoyle
Introduction	423	(1)
Auxin-responsive mRNAs	424	(11)
Aux/IAA mRNAs	425	(3)
GST mRNAs	428	(2)
SAUR mRNAs	430	(1)
GH3 mRNAs	431	(1)
ACC synthase mRNAs	431	(1)
Other auxin-responsive up-regulated mRNAs in plants	432	(1)
Auxin-responsive up-regulated mRNAs from pathogen genes	433	(1)
Auxin-responsive down-regulated mRNAs in plants	434	(1)
Organ and tissue expression patterns of auxin-responsive genes	435	(3)
Northern blot analysis	435	(1)
Tissue print and in situ hybridization analyses	435	(1)
Promoter-reporter gene analyses	436	(2)
Promoters of auxin-responsive genes	438	(9)
Conserved sequence motifs found in auxin-responsive promoters	438	(2)
Functional analysis of ocs/as-l AuxREs	440	(3)
Functional analysis of natural composite AuxREs	443	(3)
Functional analysis of other natural promoter fragments containing AuxREs	446	(1)
Synthetic composite AuxREs	447	(1)
Simple AuxREs	448	(1)
TGTCTC AuxRE transcription factors	449	(2)
Other transcription factors that bind cis-elements in auxin-responsive promoters	451	(1)
Perspectus	452	(1)
Acknowledgements	453	(1)
References	453	(8)
Cytokinin perception and signal transduction	461	(14)
Jean-Denis Faure
Stephen H. Howell
Introduction	461	(2)
Cytokinin mutants	463	(3)
Cytokinin overproduction or hyper-responsive mutants	463	(2)
Mutants that fail to respond to cytokinin	465	(1)
Cytokinin effects on gene expression	466	(1)
Cytokinin binding proteins	467	(2)
Calcium and cytokinin signaling	469	(2)
Protein phosphorylation and cytokinin signaling	471	(1)
References	472	(3)
Perception and transduction of ethylene	475	(16)
M.A. Hall
A.R. Smith
G.V. Novikova
I.E. Moshkov
Introduction	475	(1)
Ethylene perception	475	(6)
Biochemical and physiological studies	475	(4)
Molecular genetics	479	(2)
Transduction mechanisms	481	(4)
Biochemical and physiological studies	481	(4)
Molecular genetics	485	(1)
Ethylene perception and transduction: a synthesis	485	(4)
References	489	(2)
Abscisic acid perception and transduction	491	(22)
Peter K. Busk
Antoni Borrell
Dimosthenis Kizis
Montserrat Pages
Introduction	491	(1)
The biological role of ABA	491	(3)
Embryo dormancy, germination and desiccation tolerance	491	(1)
Growth and desiccation tolerance of vegetative tissues	492	(1)
Response to high salt stress and cold acclimation	493	(1)
Wounding response, heat tolerance and apoptosis	493	(1)
ABA induced gene expression	494	(3)
Definition of ABA responsive genes	494	(1)
Expression in the embryo and the role of VPI/AB13	495	(1)
Age- and organ-specific regulation in vegetative tissues	495	(1)
ABA dependent and independent gene expression in response to stress	496	(1)
ABA induced gene expression and protein synthesis	497	(1)
ABA signal transduction	497	(6)
Regulation of ABA synthesis	497	(1)
Second messengers in ABA induced stomatal closure	498	(1)
Second messengers in ABA induced expression	499	(1)
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation regulate the ion channels in guard cells in response to ABA	500	(1)
Intracellular signalling proteins	501	(1)
Regulatory pathways in the embryo	502	(1)
Regulation of transcription in response to ABA	503	(6)
Identification of cis-elements	503	(1)
Protein binding to the ABRE	504	(1)
The effect of promoter context	505	(1)
The effect of VPI	506	(2)
Chromatin structure	508	(1)
Acknowledgements	509	(1)
References	509	(4)
Salicylic acid: signal perception and transduction	513	(22)
Jyoti Shah
Daniel F. Klessig
Introduction	513	(1)
Salicylic acid - an important signal in plants	514	(6)
Biological pathways affected by salicylic acid	514	(2)
Salicylic acid and plant disease resistance	516	(2)
Is salicylic acid the systemic signal for SAR induction?	518	(2)
Perception and transmission of the salicylic acid signal	520	(14)
Salicylic acid-binding proteins in plants	520	(5)
Reactive oxygen intermediates as possible mediators of the salicylic acid signal	525	(1)
The salicylic acid signal transduction pathway	526	(4)
Salicylic acid-mediated gene activation	530	(4)
Future directions	534	(1)
Acknowledgements	535	(1)
References	535