Biodefense : Research Methodology and Animal Models

by Swearengen, James R.

• ISBN13: 9780849328367
• ISBN10: 0849328365
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-11-21
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

The importance attached to rapidly developing our biodefensive capabilities has recently resulted in a significantly increased funding for biodefense research. Accordingly, researchers will respond with an effort equal to the challenge, producing an impressive body of findings.To ensure that this effort continues in the most efficient manner, Biodefense: Research Methodology and Animal Models presents a thorough historical and current review of biodefense research, encouraging researchers to leverage relevant results, rather than duplicate them. By building on the work of others, scientists will be able to proceed in a way that makes the best use of available resources, while avoiding unnecessary duplication of animal research.Including contributions from recognized leaders in the field who have developed and refined the animal models presented, this book examines those bacterial, viral, and toxic agents considered to pose the greatest threats to public safety. Each section on a specific agent provides pertinent background information, followed by a description of those animal models employed in research and testing and a discussion of how the findings translate to human impact.

Table of Contents

The History of Biological Weapons	1	(12)
James W. Martin
Bioterrorism and Biowarfare: Similarities and Differences	13	(12)
Nelson W. Rebert
Introduction	13	(2)
Biowarfare	15	(2)
Strategic Biowarfare	17	(1)
Strategic Level of War	17	(1)
Strategic Objectives and Requirements	17	(1)
Agent Characteristics	18	(1)
Operational Biowarfare	18	(1)
Operational Objectives and Requirements	18	(1)
Agent Characteristics	19	(1)
Tactical Biowarfare	19	(1)
Tactical Objectives and Requirements	19	(1)
Agent Characteristics	19	(1)
Bioassassination Objectives and Requirements	19	(1)
Bioterrorism	20	(1)
Bioterrorism Objectives and Requirements	20	(1)
Agent Characteristics	21	(1)
Biocrime	21	(1)
Conclusions	22	(3)
References	23	(2)
Scientific and Ethical Importance of Animal Models in Biodefense Research	25	(16)
Arthur O. Anderson
James R. Swearengen
Development and Validation of Animal Models	41	(20)
Jaime B. Anderson
Kenneth Tucker
Introduction	41	(1)
What is a Model?	42	(3)
Why Are Models Necessary?	45	(1)
Identification and Development of an Animal Model	46	(10)
Step 1: Define the Research Objective	47	(1)
Step 2: Define the Intrinsic Factors Associated with the Biological Phenomenon under Investigation	48	(1)
Step 3: Define the Extrinsic Factors Associated with the Biological Phenomenon under Investigation such as the Epidemiology of the Disease	49	(1)
Step 4: Create a Search Strategy and Review the Literature of Previous Animal Models	50	(1)
Step 5: Create a Biological Information Matrix	51	(1)
Step 6: Define Unique Research Resources	51	(3)
Step 7: Identify Preliminary Animal Models of Choice	54	(1)
Step 8: Conduct Research to Fill Critical Gaps of Knowledge in the Biological Matrix of Information	54	(1)
Step 9: Evaluate the Validity of the Animal Models of Choice	55	(1)
Extrapolating Animal Model Results to Humans	56	(2)
Conclusion	58	(3)
References	59	(2)
Infectious Disease Aerobiology: Aerosol Challenge Methods	61	(16)
Chad J. Roy
Louise M. Pitt
Introduction	61	(1)
General	62	(1)
Aerosol Test Facilities and Systems	62	(9)
Recommended Inhalation Exposure Systems for Animal Challenge	63	(4)
Aerosol System Characterization	67	(4)
Particle Size and Generation	71	(1)
Aerosol Sampling Devices	72	(1)
Assay Methods	73	(1)
Aerosol Challenge Dosimetry	73	(1)
Transport and Husbandry of Aerosol-Challenged Animals	74	(1)
Summary	74	(3)
References	75	(2)
Anthrax	77	(18)
Elizabeth K. Leffel
Louise M. Pitt
Background	77	(2)
Identification Techniques	79	(1)
Current Animal Models	79	(9)
Mice	80	(2)
Rats	82	(1)
Guinea Pigs	83	(1)
Rabbits	84	(2)
Nonhuman Primates	86	(2)
Summary	88	(7)
References	89	(6)
Glanders	95	(12)
David L. Fritz
David M. Waag
Background	95	(2)
Etiologic Agent	97	(1)
Animal Models	97	(1)
Clinical Disease	98	(1)
Gross Lesions	99	(1)
Microscopic Lesions	100	(2)
Immunity	102	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	102	(1)
Treatment	103	(4)
References	104	(3)
Plague	107	(30)
Jeffery J. Adamovicz
Patricia L. Worsham
Background	108	(3)
Taxonomy	108	(1)
Morphology	109	(1)
Growth Characteristics	109	(1)
Biochemistry	109	(1)
Isolation and Identification	110	(1)
Human Disease	111	(5)
Bubonic and Septicemic Plague	111	(4)
Primary Pneumonic Plague	115	(1)
Pharyngeal Plague	116	(1)
Small-Animal Models of Plague	116	(7)
Mouse	116	(3)
Guinea Pig	119	(2)
Multimammate mouse (Mastomys natalensis and Mastomys coucha)	121	(1)
Rat	121	(1)
Rabbit	122	(1)
Cotton Rat	122	(1)
Ground and Rock Squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi, Spermophilus variegatus)	123	(1)
Vole (Microtus californicus)	123	(1)
Other	123	(1)
Nonhuman Primates	123	(5)
Rhesus Macaques	124	(1)
Cynomolgus Macaques	125	(1)
Vervet	126	(1)
Langur	127	(1)
Sacred Baboons (Papio hamadryas)	127	(1)
Marmoset (Callithrix sp.)	127	(1)
Other Models of Plague	128	(1)
Summary	129	(8)
References	129	(8)
Tularemia	137	(26)
Jeffery J. Adamovicz
Erica P. Wargo
David M. Waag
History/Background	137	(1)
Microorganism	138	(3)
Taxonomy	138	(2)
Virulence Factors	140	(1)
Genetics	141	(1)
Tularemia Vaccine	142	(1)
Human Disease	143	(3)
Ulceroglandular Tularemia	143	(1)
Oropharyngeal Tularemia	144	(1)
Pneumonic Tularemia	144	(1)
Immunity	145	(1)
Treatment	145	(1)
Animal Models	146	(10)
Mice	146	(4)
Rats	150	(1)
Guinea Pigs	151	(1)
Voles	151	(1)
Rabbits	152	(1)
Nonhuman Primates	153	(2)
Other Animal Models	155	(1)
Summary	156	(7)
Dedication	156	(1)
References	156	(7)
Q Fever	163	(18)
David M. Waag
David L. Fritz
History	163	(1)
The Organism	164	(1)
Acquisition	164	(1)
Symptoms	165	(1)
Experimental Models to Investigate Acute Q Fever	165	(4)
Mice	166	(1)
Guinea Pigs	167	(1)
Monkeys	168	(1)
Other Animal Models	169	(1)
Experimental Models to Investigate Chronic Q Fever	169	(1)
Experimental Models to Investigate Vaccine Safety	170	(2)
Vaccine Efficacy Testing	172	(3)
Vaccine Efficacy --- Mice and Guinea Pigs	172	(1)
Vaccine Efficacy --- Nonhuman Primates	173	(2)
Conclusion	175	(6)
References	175	(6)
Alphaviruses	181	(26)
William D. Pratt
Mary Kate Hart
Douglas S. Reed
Keith E. Steele
Background	181	(1)
Structure and Biology of Alphaviruses	182	(1)
Antigenic Relationships	183	(1)
Animal Models and Pathogenesis	184	(1)
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus	184	(10)
The Mouse Model of VEEV Infection	184	(1)
Pathogenesis in the Mouse Model	185	(3)
Other Small-Animal Models of VEEV Infection	188	(1)
Nonhuman Primate Models of VEEV Infection	189	(4)
Application of the Animal Models of VEEV Infection	193	(1)
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus	194	(3)
The Mouse Model of EEEV Infection	194	(1)
Hamster Models of EEEV Infection	195	(1)
Other Small-Animal Models of EEEV Infection	195	(1)
Nonhuman Primate Models of EEEV Infection	196	(1)
Comparison of EEE Models	196	(1)
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus	197	(4)
Mouse Models of WEEV Infection	197	(1)
Other Small-Animal Models of WEEV Infection	197	(1)
Nonhuman Primate Models of WEEV Infection	198	(3)
Summary	201	(6)
References	201	(6)
Orthopoxviruses	207	(20)
Peter B. Jahrling
John W. Huggins
Background	207	(20)
References	223	(4)
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers	227	(32)
Kelly L. Warfield
Nancy K. Jaax
Emily M. Deal
Dana L. Swenson
Tom Larsen
Sina Bavari
Background	227	(2)
Filoviridae	229	(11)
Introduction	229	(1)
History	229	(1)
Biochemical Properties	230	(1)
Diagnostics	230	(1)
Human Disease	231	(1)
Animal Models	232	(1)
Nonhuman Primates	233	(3)
Mouse	236	(1)
Hamster	237	(1)
Guinea Pig	238	(1)
Other Animal Models	239	(1)
Summary	240	(1)
Arenaviridae	240	(2)
Bunyaviridae	242	(2)
Flaviviridae	244	(1)
Conclusions and Future Directions	245	(14)
References	246	(13)
Botulinum Toxins	259	(16)
Stephen B. Greenbaum
Jaime B. Anderson
Introduction	259	(1)
Mechanisms of Action	260	(1)
Botulism as a Clinical Disease	261	(1)
Animal Models for Oral Intoxication	262	(5)
Animal Models for Inhalational Intoxication	267	(2)
Discussion	269	(6)
References	270	(5)
Ricin	275	(16)
Stephen B. Greenbaum
Jaime B. Anderson
Background	275	(1)
Mechanisms of Action	276	(1)
Ricin Poisoning in Humans and Animals	276	(1)
Animal Models for Oral Intoxication	277	(3)
Animal Models for Inhalational Intoxication	280	(5)
Discussion	285	(6)
References	286	(5)
Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Superantigens	291	(30)
Teresa Krakauer
Bradley G. Stiles
Background	291	(1)
Etiologic Agents and Their Toxins	291	(2)
Physical Characteristics of SE, TSST-1, and SPE	293	(2)
Toxin Binding to MHC Class II and TCR	295	(1)
Signal Transduction and Cellular Responses to SE, TSST-1, and SPE	296	(1)
Animal Models	297	(6)
Progress in Therapeutics and Vaccines	303	(1)
Conclusions	304	(17)
References	307	(14)
Index	321