Biofluid Mechanics in Cardiovascular Systems

by Waite, Lee

• ISBN13: 9780071447881
• ISBN10: 0071447881
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-12-06
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education

Summary

Cardiovascular products represent the largest dollar portion of the healthcare industry. Development of these devices requires dramatic innovation.This book combines engineering principles with cardiopulmonary anatomy and physiology to show biomedical engineers how to design and implement arterial grafts, anastomosis devices, and Heart valves.Unlike other books on the subject, this one looks at the subject from an engineering perspective rather than aclinical one in order to appeal to the biomedical engineering audience

Author Biography

Lee Waite is Chair of the Department of Applied Biology and Biomedical Engineering, and Director of the Guidant/Eli Lilly and Co. Applied Life Sciences Research Center, at the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology in Terre Haute, Indiana. He is also the president of the Rocky Mountain Bioengineering Symposium (RMBS). Held annually since 1964, the RMBS is the longest continually operating biomedical engineering conference in North America.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xiii
Chapter 1. Review of Basic Fluid Mechanics Concepts	1	(24)
1.1 A Brief History of Biomedical Fluid Mechanics	1	(3)
1.2 Fluid Characteristics and Viscosity	4	(5)
1.2.1 Displacement	4	(2)
1.2.2 Shear stress	6	(3)
1.3 Fundamental Method for Measuring Viscosity	9	(2)
1.4 Introduction to Pipe Flow	11	(7)
1.4.1 Reynolds number	12	(2)
1.4.2 Poiseuille's law	14	(2)
1.4.3 Flow rate	16	(2)
1.5 Bernoulli Equation	18	(1)
1.6 Conservation of Mass	18	(2)
1.6.1 Venturi meter example	19	(1)
1.7 Example Problem: Fluid Statics	20	(2)
1.7.1 Example problem: fluid statics	21	(1)
1.8 The Wormersley Number, ot, a Frequency Parameter for Pulsatile Flow	22	(3)
Chapter 2. Cardiovascular Structure and Function	25	(20)
2.1 Introduction	25	(1)
2.2 Clinical Features	26	(1)
2.3 Functional Anatomy	27	(1)
2.4 The Heart as a Pump	28	(1)
2.5 Cardiac Muscle	29	(4)
2.5.1 Biopotential in myocardium	30	(1)
2.5.2 Excitability	31	(2)
2.5.3 Automaticity	33	(1)
2.6 Heart Valves	33	(1)
2.6.1 Clinical features	34	(1)
2.7 Cardiac Cycle	34	(2)
2.8 Heart Sounds	36	(2)
2.8.1 Clinical features	36	(2)
2.9 Factors Influencing Flow and Pressure	38	(2)
2.10 Coronary Circulation	40	(1)
2.10.1 Control of the coronary circulation	41	(1)
2.10.2 Clinical features	41	(1)
2.11 Microcirculation	41	(4)
2.11.1 Capillary structure	42	(1)
2.11.2 Capillary wall structure	42	(3)
Chapter 3. Pulmonary Anatomy, Pulmonary Physiology, and Respiration	45	(26)
3.1 Introduction	45	(1)
3.2 Clinical Features	46	(1)
3.3 Alveolar Ventilation	47	(2)
3.3.1 Tidal volume	47	(1)
3.3.2 Residual volume	47	(1)
3.3.3 Expiratory reserve volume	48	(1)
3.3.4 Inspiratory reserve volume	48	(1)
3.3.5 Functional residual capacity	48	(1)
3.3.6 Inspiratory capacity	48	(1)
3.3.7 Total lung capacity	48	(1)
3.3.8 Vital capacity	49	(1)
3.4 Ventilation—Perfusion Relationships	49	(1)
3.5 Mechanics of Breathing	50	(1)
3.5.1 Muscles of inspiration	50	(1)
3.5.2 Muscles of expiration	51	(1)
3.5.3 Compliance of the lung and chest wall	51	(1)
3.6 Work of Breathing	51	(3)
3.7 Airway Resistance	54	(3)
3.8 Gas Exchange and Transport	57	(4)
3.8.1 Diffusion	58	(1)
3.8.2 Diffusing capacity	58	(1)
3.8.3 Resistance to diffusion	59	(1)
3.8.4 Oxygen dissociation curve	60	(1)
3.9 Pulmonary Pathophysiology	61	(2)
3.9.1 Bronchitis	61	(1)
3.9.2 Emphysema	61	(1)
3.9.3 Asthma	61	(1)
3.9.4 Pulmonary fibrosis	61	(1)
3.9.5 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	62	(1)
3.9.6 Heart disease	63	(1)
3.9.7 Comparison of pulmonary pathologies	63	(1)
3.10 Respiration in Extreme Environments	63	(8)
3.10.1 Barometric pressure	63	(2)
3.10.2 Partial pressure of oxygen	65	(1)
3.10.3 Hyperventilation	66	(1)
3.10.4 Alkalosis	67	(1)
3.10.5 Acute mountain sickness (AMS)	67	(1)
3.10.6 High-altitude pulmonary edema	67	(1)
3.10.7 High-altitude cerebral edema	68	(1)
3.10.8 Acclimatization	68	(1)
3.10.9 Drugs stimulating red blood cell production	69	(2)
Chapter 4. Hematology and Blood Rheology	71	(18)
4.1 Introduction	71	(1)
4.2 Elements of Blood	71	(1)
4.3 Blood Characteristics	71	(1)
4.4 Erythrocytes	72	(5)
4.4.1 Hemoglobin	74	(1)
4.4.2 Clinical Features	75	(1)
4.4.3 Erythrocyte indices	76	(1)
4.4.4 Abnormalities of the blood	77	(1)
4.5 Leukocytes	77	(4)
4.5.1 Neutrophils	78	(1)
4.5.2 Lymphocytes	79	(1)
4.5.3 Monocytes	80	(1)
4.5.4 Eosinophils	80	(1)
4.5.5 Basophils	81	(1)
4.5.6 Leukemia	81	(1)
4.5.7 Thrombocytes	81	(1)
4.6 Blood Types	81	(3)
4.6.1 Rh blood groups	83	(1)
4.6.2 M and N blood group system	84	(1)
4.7 Plasma	84	(2)
4.7.1 Plasma viscosity	85	(1)
4.7.2 Electrolyte composition of plasma	85	(1)
4.8 Blood pH	86	(1)
4.9 Clinical Features	86	(3)
Chapter 5. Anatomy and Physiology of Blood Vessels	89	(16)
5.1 Introduction	89	(1)
5.2 General Structure of Arteries	89	(2)
5.2.1 Tunica intima	90	(1)
5.2.2 Tunica media	90	(1)
5.2.3 Tunica externa	91	(1)
5.3 Types of Arteries	91	(1)
5.3.1 Elastic arteries	92	(1)
5.3.2 Muscular arteries	92	(1)
5.3.3 Arterioles	92	(1)
5.4 Mechanics of Arterial Walls	92	(2)
5.5 Compliance	94	(5)
5.6 Pressure-Strain Modulus	99	(1)
5.7 Vascular Pathologies	100	(2)
5.7.1 Atherosclerosis	100	(1)
5.7.2 Stenosis	100	(1)
5.7.3 Aneurysm	100	(1)
5.7.4 Thrombosis	101	(1)
5.7.5 Clinical aspects	101	(1)
5.8 Stents	102	(1)
5.9 Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting	102	(3)
5.9.1 Arterial grafts	103	(2)
Chapter 6. Mechanics of Heart Valves	105	(12)
6.1 Introduction	105	(1)
6.2 Aortic and Pulmonic Valves	106	(3)
6.3 Mitral and Tricuspid Valves	109	(2)
6.4 Clinical Features	111	(1)
6.5 Prosthetic Mechanical Valves	111	(3)
6.5.1 Case study–the Björk-Shiley convexo-concave heart valve	112	(2)
6.6 Prosthetic Tissue Valves	114	(3)
Chapter 7. Pulsatile Flow in Large Arteries	117	(20)
7.1 Fluid Kinematics	117	(1)
7.2 Continuity	118	(1)
7.3 Complex Numbers	119	(2)
7.4 Fourier Series Representation	121	(2)
7.5 Navier-Stokes Equations	123	(3)
7.6 Pulsatile Flow in Rigid Tubes: Wormersley Solution	126	(5)
7.7 Pulsatile Flow in Rigid Tubes: Fry Solution	131	(4)
7.8 Instability in Pulsatile Flow	135	(2)
Chapter 8. Flow and Pressure Measurement	137	(26)
8.1 Introduction	137	(1)
8.2 Indirect Pressure Measurements	137	(1)
8.3 Direct Pressure Measurement	138	(17)
8.3.1 Intravascular: strain gauge–tipped pressure transducer	138	(6)
8.3.2 Extravascular: catheter-transducer measuring system	144	(1)
8.3.3 Electrical analog of the catheter measuring system	145	(2)
8.3.4 Characteristics for an extravascular pressure measuring system	147	(2)
8.3.5 Case 1—the undamped catheter measurement system	149	(1)
8.3.6 Case 2—the undriven, damped catheter measurement system	150	(4)
8.3.7 Pop test—measurement of transient step response	154	(1)
8.4 Flow Measurement	155	(5)
8.4.1 Indicator dilution method	155	(1)
8.4.2 Fick technique for measuring cardiac output	156	(1)
8.4.3 Fick technique example	156	(1)
8.4.4 Rapid injection indicator-dilution method—dye dilution technique	156	(1)
8.4.5 Thermodilution	157	(1)
8.4.6 Electromagnetic flowmeters	158	(1)
8.4.7 Continuous wave ultrasonic flowmeters	159	(1)
8.4.8 Continuous wave Doppler ultrasound example	160	(1)
8.5 Summary and Clinical Applications	160	(3)
Chapter 9. Modeling	163	(14)
9.1 Introduction	163	(1)
9.2 Theory of Models	164	(4)
9.2.1 Dimensional analysis and the Buckingham Pi theorem	164	(2)
9.2.2 Synthesizing Pi terms	166	(2)
9.3 Geometric Similarity	168	(1)
9.4 Dynamic Similarity	169	(1)
9.5 Kinematic Similarity	169	(1)
9.6 Common Dimensionless Parameters in Fluid Mechanics	170	(1)
9.7 Modeling Example 1—Does the Flea Model the Man?	170	(3)
9.8 Modeling Example 2	173	(1)
9.9 Modeling Example 3	173	(4)
Chapter 10. Lumped Parameter Mathematical Models	177	(16)
10.1 Introduction	177	(1)
10.2 Electrical Analog Model of Flow in a Tube	178	(4)
10.2.1 Nodes and the equations at each node	179	(1)
10.2.2 Terminal load	180	(2)
10.2.3 Summary of the lumped parameter electrical analog model	182	(1)
10.3 Modeling of Flow through the Mitral Valve	182	(8)
10.3.1 Model description	184	(2)
10.3.2 Active ventricular relaxation	186	(1)
10.3.3 Meaning of convective resistance	186	(1)
10.3.4 Variable area mitral valve model description	187	(1)
10.3.5 Variable area mitral valve model parameters	188	(1)
10.3.6 Solving the system of differential equations	188	(1)
10.3.7 Model trials	188	(1)
10.3.8 Results	189	(1)
10.4 Summary	190	(3)
Index	193