Biogeography

by Brown, James H.; Lomolino, Mark V.

• ISBN13: 9780878930739
• ISBN10: 0878930736
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-09-01
• Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Unit 1: Introducing the Discipline	3	(36)
Chapter 1 The Science of Biogeography	3	(10)
What Is Biogeography?	3	(6)
Definition	3	(2)
Relationships to Other Sciences	5	(2)
Philosophy and Basic Principles	7	(2)
The Modern Science	9	(4)
Doing Contemporary Biogeography	9	(1)
Current Status	10	(3)
Chapter 2 The History of Biogeography	13	(26)
The Age of Exploration	14	(3)
Biogeography in the Nineteenth Century	17	(11)
Four British Scientists	19	(7)
Other Contributions in the Nineteenth Century	26	(2)
BOX 2.1 BIOGEOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES ADVOCATED BY ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE	28	(4)
The First Half of the Twentieth Century	32	(1)
Biogeography since the 1950s	33	(6)
Unit 2: The Environmental and Historical Setting	39	(184)
Chapter 3 The Physical Setting	39	(22)
Climate	40	(2)
Solar Energy and Temperature Regimes	40	(2)
Winds and Rainfall	42	(5)
Soils	47	(6)
Primary Succession	47	(1)
Formation of Major Soil Types	48	(3)
Unusual Soil Types Requiring Special Plant Adaptations	51	(2)
Aquatic Environments	53	(6)
Stratification	53	(2)
Oceanic Circulation	55	(2)
Pressure and Salinity	57	(1)
Tides and the Intertidal Zone	57	(2)
Microenvironments	59	(2)
Small-scale Environmental Variation	59	(1)
Colonizing Suitable Microenvironments	59	(2)
Chapter 4 Distributions of Single Species	61	(34)
The Geographic Range	61	(4)
Methodological Issues: Mapping and Measuring the Range	61	(3)
The Distribution of Individuals	64	(1)
The Distribution of Populations	65	(7)
Population Growth and Demography	65	(2)
Hutchinson's Multidimensional Niche Concept	67	(1)
The Geographic Range as a Reflection of the Niche	68	(2)
The Relationship between Distribution and Abundance	70	(2)
Range Boundaries	72	(19)
Physical Limiting Factors	72	(9)
Disturbance	81	(1)
Interactions with Other Organisms	82	(9)
Synthesis	91	(1)
Adaptation and Gene Flow	91	(4)
Chapter 5 The Distribution of Communities	95	(40)
Historical and Biogeographic Perspectives	95	(1)
Communities and Ecosystems	96	(7)
Definitions	96	(2)
Community Organization: Energetic Considerations	98	(5)
The Distribution of Communities in Space and Time	103	(7)
Spatial Patterns	103	(4)
Temporal Patterns	107	(3)
Terrestrial Biomes	110	(12)
Tropical Rain Forest	112	(2)
Tropical Deciduous Forest	114	(1)
Thorn Woodland	114	(1)
Tropical Savanna	115	(1)
Desert	116	(1)
Sclerophyllous Woodland	117	(1)
Subtropical Evergreen Forest	118	(1)
Temperate Deciduous Forest	118	(1)
Temperate Rain Forest	119	(1)
Temperate Grassland	120	(1)
Boreal Forest	121	(1)
Tundra	121	(1)
Aquatic Communities	122	(6)
Marine Communities	123	(3)
Freshwater Communities	126	(2)
A Global Comparison of Biomes and Communities	128	(7)
Chapter 6 The Changing Earth	135	(42)
The Geological Time Scale	135	(2)
The Theory of Continental Drift	137	(8)
Wegener's Theory	139	(2)
Early Opposition to Continental Drift	141	(1)
Evidence for Continental Drift	142	(3)
BOX 6.1 STRATIGRAPHIC, PALEOCLIMATIC, AND PALEONTOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE ACCEPTANCE OF THE THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT	145	(9)
BOX 6.2 EXPANDING EARTH'S ENVELOPE	154	(3)
Earth's Tectonic History	157	(14)
Tectonic History of the Continents	157	(9)
Tectonic Development of Marine Basins and Island Chains	166	(5)
Climatic and Biogeographic Consequences of Plate Tectonics	171	(6)
Chapter 7 Glaciation and Biogeographic Dynamics of the Pleistocene	177	(46)
Extent and Causes of Glaciation	177	(4)
Effects on Nonglaciated Areas	181	(8)
Temperature	182	(2)
Geographic Shifts in Climatic Zones	184	(2)
Sea Level Changes in the Pleistocene	186	(3)
Biogeographic Responses to Glaciation	189	(1)
Biogeographic Responses of Terrestrial Biotas	189	(1)
BOX 7.1 BIOGEOGRAPHICAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATIC CYCLES OF THE PLEISTOCENE	190	(20)
Dynamics of Plant Communities in the Southwestern United States	198	(2)
Aquatic Systems: Postglacial and Pluvial Lakes	200	(3)
Biotic Exchange and Glacial Cycles	203	(2)
Evolutionary Responses and Pleistocene Refugia	205	(5)
Glacial Cycles and Extinctions	210	(13)
The Overkill Hypothesis	212	(2)
Alternative Explanations for Pleistocene Extinctions	214	(9)
Unit 3: Historical Patterns and Processes	223	(146)
Chapter 8 Speciation and Extinction	223	(38)
Taxonomy	224	(5)
Species Concepts	224	(4)
Higher Classifications	228	(1)
Macroevolution	229	(3)
Evolution in the Fossil Record	229	(2)
Micro- and Macroevolution	231	(1)
Speciation	232	(12)
Mechanisms of Genetic Differentiation	232	(3)
Allopatric Speciation	235	(4)
Sympatric Speciation	239	(4)
Phyletic Speciation	243	(1)
Diversification	244	(5)
Ecological Differentiation	244	(2)
Adaptive Radiation	246	(3)
Extinction	249	(6)
Ecological Processes	249	(2)
Recent Extinctions	251	(2)
Extinctions in the Fossil Record	253	(2)
Species Selection	255	(6)
Processes of Species Selection	255	(1)
Examples of Species Selection	255	(6)
Chapter 9 Dispersal	261	(34)
BOX 9.1 DISPERSAL VERSUS VICARIANCE: NO CONTEST	262	(1)
What Is Dispersal?	263	(2)
Dispersal as an Ecological Process	264	(1)
Dispersal as a Historical Biogeographic Event	264	(1)
Dispersal and Range Expansion	265	(8)
Jump Dispersal	265	(1)
Diffusion	266	(7)
Secular Migration	273	(1)
Mechanisms of Movement	273	(6)
Active Dispersal	273	(3)
Passive Dispersal	276	(3)
The Nature of Barriers	279	(6)
Physiological Barriers	281	(2)
Ecological and Psychological Barriers	283	(2)
Biotic Exchange and Dispersal Routes	285	(6)
Corridors	285	(1)
Filters	285	(2)
Sweepstakes Routes	287	(2)
Other Dispersal Routes	289	(1)
Dispersal Curves within and among Species	289	(2)
Establishing a Colony	291	(4)
Habitat Selection	291	(1)
What Constitutes a Propagule?	291	(2)
Survival in a New Habitat	293	(2)
Chapter 10 Endemism, Provincialism, and Disjunction	295	(30)
Endemism	297	(5)
Cosmopolitanism	299	(1)
Classifying Endemics	300	(2)
Provincialism	302	(4)
Terrestrial Regions and Provinces	302	(4)
BOX 10.1 ENDEMIC BIRDS AND PLANTS OF SOUTH AMERICA AND AUSTRALIA	306	(12)
Biogeographic Lines	308	(4)
Classifying Islands	312	(2)
Marine Regions and Provinces	314	(3)
Quantifying Similarity among Biotas	317	(1)
BOX 10.2 SIMPLE SIMILARITY INDEXES USED BY VARIOUS AUTHORS TO ESTIMATE BIOTIC SIMILARITIES	318	(2)
Disjunction	320	(5)
Patterns	320	(2)
Processes	322	(3)
Chapter 11 The History of Lineages	325	(20)
Classifying Biodiversity	326	(4)
Evolutionary Classifications	326	(2)
Phylogenetic Systematics	328	(2)
BOX 11.1 THE BASIS OF HENNIG'S PARADIGM: A HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLE OF CLADOGENESIS	330	(1)
BOX 11.2 HOW TO CONSTRUCT A CLADOGRAM: A HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLE	331	(4)
Molecular Systematics	333	(1)
Limitations of Phylogenetic Classifications	334	(1)
The Fossil Record	335	(8)
Limitations of the Fossil Record	336	(1)
Biogeographic Implications of Fossils	337	(6)
Toward a Historical Synthesis?	343	(2)
Chapter 12 Reconstructing Biogeographic Histories	345	(24)
Early Efforts: Determining Centers of Origin	346	(4)
Concepts and Criteria	346	(1)
An Example: Sea Snakes	346	(3)
Critical Issues	349	(1)
Panbiogeography and Vicariance Biogeography	350	(7)
Croizat's Panbiogeography	350	(2)
Hennig's Progression Rule	352	(1)
Vicariance Biogeography	352	(5)
Modern Historical Biogeography	357	(12)
Approaches	357	(3)
The Hawaiian Example	360	(4)
Assessment and Prospects	364	(5)
Unit 4: Contemporary Patterns and Processes	369	(118)
Chapter 13 Island Biogeography: Patterns in Species Richness	369	(38)
Historical Background	369	(3)
BOX 13.1 INDEPENDENT DISCOVERY OF THE EQUILIBRIUM THEORY OF ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY	372	(1)
Island Patterns	372	(4)
The Species-Area Relationship	372	(4)
BOX 13.2 INTERPRETATIONS AND COMPARISONS OF CONSTANTS IN THE SPECIES-AREA RELATIONSHIP: AN ADDITIONAL CAUTION	376	(3)
The Species-Isolation Relationship	376	(1)
Species Turnover	377	(2)
The Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography	379	(22)
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Theory	382	(2)
Tests of the Model	384	(6)
Additional Patterns in Insular Species Richness	390	(4)
Nonequilibrium Biotas	394	(7)
Krakatau Revisited	401	(6)
Chapter 14 Island Biogeography: Patterns in the Assembly and Evolution of Insular Communities	407	(42)
Assembly of Insular Communities	408	(21)
The Selective Nature of Immigration	408	(2)
Establishing Insular Populations	410	(1)
The Selective Nature of Extinction	411	(3)
Patterns Reflecting Differential Immigration and Extinction	414	(5)
Patterns Reflecting Interspecific Interactions	419	(10)
Evolutionary Trends on Islands	429	(12)
Flightlessness and Reduced Dispersal Ability on Islands	429	(5)
Evolution of Body Size on Islands	434	(7)
BOX 14.1 TIME DWARFING ON THE "ISLAND CONTINENT" OF AUSTRALIA	441	(3)
The Taxon Cycle	444	(5)
Chapter 15 Species Diversity in Continental and Marine Habitats	449	(38)
Measurement and Terminology	449	(1)
Species Richness and Diversity Indexes	449	(1)
Scales of Diversity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma	450	(1)
The Latitudinal Gradient	450	(11)
Patterns	451	(7)
Processes	458	(3)
Other Diversity Patterns	461	(10)
Peninsulas	461	(2)
Elevation	463	(1)
Aridity	464	(1)
Aquatic Environments	465	(3)
Associated Patterns	468	(3)
Causes of the Patterns	471	(16)
Nonequilibrial Mechanisms	472	(3)
Equilibrial Mechanisms	475	(9)
Toward a Synthetic Explanation?	484	(3)
Unit 5: Biogeography and Conservation	487	(138)
Chapter 16 Continental Patterns and Processes	487	(46)
Single-Species Patterns	488	(6)
Ecogeographic Rules	488	(4)
Geographic Variation in Life History and Population Level Characteristics	492	(2)
Multispecies Assemblages	494	(13)
Areography: Sizes, Shapes, and Overlaps of Ranges	494	(6)
Macroecology: Assembly of Continental Biotas	500	(6)
Relationships between Local and Regional Diversity	506	(1)
Biotic Interchange	507	(7)
The Great American Interchange	508	(5)
Lessepsian Exchange: The Suez Canal	513	(1)
Maintenance of Distinct Biotas	514	(4)
Barriers between Biogeographic Regions	514	(1)
Resistance to Invasion	514	(2)
Avian Migration and Provincialism	516	(2)
Divergence and Convergence of Isolated Biotas	518	(15)
Divergence	518	(2)
Convergence	520	(7)
Overview	527	(6)
Chapter 17 The Status of Biodiversity	533	(40)
The Biodiversity Crisis and the Linnaean Shortfall	534	(3)
Geographic Variations in Biodiversity	537	(7)
Terrestrial Hot Spots	538	(4)
Hot Spots in the Marine Realm	542	(2)
The Geography of Extinctions	544	(6)
The Prehistoric Record of Extinctions	544	(1)
The Historical Record of Extinctions	545	(2)
Species Introductions: The Ecology and Geography of Invasions	547	(3)
BOX 17.1 SPREAD AND IMPACT OF ZEBRA MUSSELS IN NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATERS	550	(14)
Current Patterns of Endangerment	556	(2)
Habitat Loss and Fragmentation	558	(6)
Applications of Biogeographic Theory	564	(9)
Designing Nature Reserves	564	(3)
Predicting the Effects of Global Climatic Change	567	(1)
Biodiversity Surveys	568	(5)
Chapter 18 Applied Biogeography: Single Species	573	(40)
The Biogeography of Humanity	573	(13)
Human Origins and Colonization of the Old World	574	(3)
Conquering the Cold: Expansion to the New World	577	(2)
Conquering the Oceans: The Island Biogeography of Humanity	579	(7)
Lessons from the Biogeography of Humanity	586	(1)
Applied Biogeography: Focal Species Patterns and Approaches for Conserving Biodiversity	586	(27)
Patterns of Range Collapse	588	(10)
Patterns of Distribution among Insular or Fragmented Habitats	598	(3)
Species Responses to Global Climatic Change	601	(12)
Chapter 19 Biogeography for the Twenty-first Century	613	(12)
Technological Advances	613	(3)
New Data	613	(1)
Analytical Methods	614	(1)
Contributions of Technology	615	(1)
Conceptual Advances	616	(5)
New Theory	617	(1)
Synthetic and Interdisciplinary Studies	618	(2)
Biogeography: Past, Present, and Future	620	(1)
Applications	621	(1)
Human Ecology	621	(1)
Management and Conservation	622	(3)
Glossary	625	(12)
Bibliography	637	(38)
Index	675