Biological And Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials

by Kumar, Challa S. S. R.

• ISBN13: 9783527313822
• ISBN10: 3527313826
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-02-10
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH

Summary

This first comprehensive yet concise overview of all important classes of biological and pharmaceutical nanomaterials presents in one volume the different kinds of natural biological compounds that form nanomaterials or that may be used to purposefully create them. This unique single source of information brings together the many articles published in specialized journals, which often remain unseen by members of other, related disciplines. Covering pharmaceutical, nucleic acid, peptide and DNA-Chitosan nanoparticles, the book focuses on those innovative materials and technologies needed for the continued growth of medicine, healthcare, pharmaceuticals and human wellness. For chemists, biochemists, cell biologists, materials scientists, biologists, and those working in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.

Author Biography

<b>Challa Kumar</b> is currently the Group Leader of Nanofabrication at the Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD), Baton Rouge, USA. His research interests are in developing novel synthetic methods for functional nanomaterials and innovative therapeutic, diagnostic and sensory tools based on nanotechnology. Prior to eight years of industrial R&amp;D with ICI and United Breweries, he researched at the Max Planck Institutes for Biochemistry in Munich and for Carbon Research in M&amp;uuml;lheim, both Germany. He obtained his Ph.D. in synthetic organic chemistry from Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prashanti Nilayam, India.

Table of Contents

Preface	XIV
List of Contributors	XVII
I DNA-based Nanomaterials	1	(114)
1 Self-assembled DNA Nanotubes	3	(20)
Thorn LaBean and Sung Ha Park
1.1 Introduction	3	(1)
1.2 DNA Nanotubes Self-assembled from DX Tiles	4	(1)
1.3 3DAE-E DX Tile Nanotubes	5	(4)
1.4 DAE-O DX Tile Nanotubes	9	(2)
1.5 TX Tile Nanotubes	11	(3)
1.6 4 x 4 Tile Nanotubes	14	(2)
1.7 6HB Tile Nanotubes	16	(2)
1.8 Applications	18	(1)
1.9 Summary and Perspectives	19	(1)
References	20	(3)
2 Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles	23	(28)
Guy Zuber, Bénédicte Pons and Andrew W. Fraley
2.1 Introduction	23	(2)
2.2 The Chemical and Physical Properties of Therapeutic DNA	25	(2)
2.3 Preparation of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization	27	(10)
2.3.1 Rationale	27	(4)
2.3.2 Synthesis, Characterization and Optimization of Surfactants	31	(4)
2.3.3 Organization of the Surfactant–DNA Complexes	35	(1)
2.3.4 Quantification of the Stability of Surfactant–DNA Complexes	35	(2)
2.4 DNA Functionalization for Cell Recognition and Internalization	37	(6)
2.4.1 Strategies for Functionalization	37	(1)
2.4.2 Intercalation	38	(1)
2.4.3 Triple Helix Formation with Oligodeoxyribonucleotides	39	(2)
2.4.4 Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs)	41	(1)
2.4.5 Interactions of DNA with Fusion Proteins	42	(1)
2.4.6 Agents that Bind to the Minor Groove	43	(1)
2.5 DNA Nanoparticles: Sophistication for Cell Recognition and Internalization	43	(3)
2.5.1 Preparation of DNA Nanoparticles Enveloped with a Protective Coat and Cell Internalization Elements	43	(3)
2.5.2 Biomedical Application: Cell Targeting and Internalization Properties of Folate–PEG-coated Nanoparticles	46	(1)
2.6 Concluding Remarks	46	(1)
References	47	(4)
3 Lipoplexes	51	(17)
Sarah Weisman
3.1 Introduction	51	(1)
3.2 DNA Lipoplexes	51	(9)
3.2.1 Composition	51	(1)
3.2.2 Nanostructure and Microstructure	52	(1)
3.2.2.1 Equilibrium Morphology	52	(1)
3.2.2.2 Nonequilibrium Morphology	55	(1)
3.2.2.3 Lipoplex Size	57	(1)
3.2.3 Lipofection Efficiency	57	(1)
3.2.3.1 In Vitro	57	(1)
3.2.3.2 In Vivo	59	(1)
3.3 ODN Lipoplexes	60	(2)
3.4 siRNA Lipoplexes	62	(1)
Acknowledgments	62	(1)
References	62	(6)
4 DNA–Chitosan Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy: Current Knowledge and Future Trends	68	(47)
Julio C. Fernandes, Marcio José Tiera and Françoise M. Winnik
4.1 Introduction	68	(1)
4.2 Chitosan as a Carrier for Gene Therapy	69	(10)
4.2.1 Chitosan Chemistry	69	(2)
4.2.2 General Strategies for Chitosan Modification	71	(1)
4.2.3 Chitosan–DNA interactions: Transfection Efficacy of Unmodified Chitosan	71	(8)
4.3 Modified Chitosans: Strategies to Improve the Transfection Efficacy	79	(5)
4.3.1 The Effects of Charge Density/Solubility and Degree of Acetylation	79	(1)
4.3.2 Improving the Physicochemical Characteristics of the Nanoparticulate Systems: Solubility, Aggregation and RES Uptake	80	(1)
4.3.3 Targeting Mediated by Cell Surface Receptors	81	(2)
4.3.4 Hydrophobic Modification: Protecting the DNA and Improving the Internalization Process	83	(1)
4.4 Methods of Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles	84	(7)
4.4.1 Complex Coacervation	84	(2)
4.4.2 Crosslinking Methods	86	(1)
4.4.2.1 Chemical Crosslinking	86	(1)
4.4.2.2 Ionic Crosslinking or Ionic Gelation	86	(1)
4.4.2.3 Emulsion Crosslinking	87	(1)
4.4.2.4 Spray Drying	88	(1)
4.4.2.5 Other Methods	89	(2)
4.5 DNA Loading into Nano- and Microparticles of Chitosan	91	(2)
4.6 DNA Release and Release Kinetics	93	(2)
4.7 Preclinical Evidence of Chitosan–DNA Complex Efficacy	95	(2)
4.8 Potential Clinical Applications of Chitosan–DNA in Gene Therapy	97	(2)
4.9 Conclusion	99	(1)
Acknowledgments	99	(1)
References	99	(16)
II Protein & Peptide-based Nanomaterials	115	(138)
5 Plant Protein-based Nanoparticles	117	(68)
Arnie-Marie Orecchioni, Cécile Duclairoir, Juan Manuel Irache and Evelyne Nakache
5.1 Introduction	117	(1)
5.2 Description of Plant Proteins	118	(2)
5.2.1 Pea Seed Proteins	119	(1)
5.2.2 Wheat Proteins	119	(1)
5.3 Preparation of Protein Nanoparticles	120	(4)
5.3.1 Preparation of Legumin and Vicilin Nanoparticles	121	(1)
5.3.2 Preparation of Gliadin Nanoparticles	122	(2)
5.4 Drug Encapsulation in Plant Protein Nanoparticles	124	(3)
5.4.1 RA Encapsulation in Gliadin Nanoparticles	124	(1)
5.4.2 VE Encapsulation in Gliadin Nanoparticles	125	(1)
5.4.3 Lipophilic, Hydrophilic or Amphiphilic Drug Encapsulation	126	(1)
5.5 Preparation of Ligand–Gliadin Nanoparticle Conjugates	127	(2)
5.6 Bioadhesive Properties of Gliadin Nanoparticles	129	(6)
5.6.1 Ex Vivo Studies with Gastrointestinal Mucosal Segments	130	(1)
5.6.2 In Vivo Studies with Laboratory Animals	131	(4)
5.7 Future Perspectives	135	(2)
5.7.1 Size Optimization	135	(1)
5.7.2 Immunization in Animals	136	(1)
5.8 Conclusion	137	(1)
References	137	(8)
6 Peptide Nanoparticles	145	(1)
Klaus Langer
6.1 Introduction	145	(1)
6.2 Starting Materials for the Preparation of Nanoparticles	146	(2)
6.3 Preparation Methods	148	(11)
6.3.1 Nanoparticle Preparation by Emulsion Techniques	148	(1)
6.3.1.1 Emulsion Technique for the Preparation of Albumin-based Microspheres and Nanoparticles	148	(1)
6.3.1.2 Emulsion Technique for the Preparation of Gelatin-based Microspheres and Nanoparticles	151	(1)
6.3.1.3 Emulsion Technique for the Preparation of Casein-based Microspheres and Nanoparticles	153	(1)
6.3.2 Nanoparticle Preparation by Coacervation	154	(1)
6.3.2.1 Complex Coacervation Techniques for the Preparation of Nanoparticles	154	(1)
6.3.2.2 Simple Coacervation (Desolvation) Techniques for the Preparation of Nanoparticles	155	(4)
6.4 Basic Characterization Techniques for Peptide Nanoparticles	159	(2)
6.5 Drug Targeting with Nanoparticles	161	(8)
6.5.1 Passive Drug Targeting with Particle Systems	163	(1)
6.5.2 Active Drug Targeting with Particle Systems	163	(1)
6.5.3 Surface Modifications of Protein-based Nanoparticles	164	(1)
6.5.4 Surface Modification by Different Hydrophilic Compounds	164	(1)
6.5.5 Surface Modification by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Derivatives	165	(1)
6.5.6 Surface Modification by Drug-targeting Ligands	166	(2)
6.5.7 Different Surface Modification Strategies	168	(1)
6.6 Applications as Drug Carriers and for Diagnostic Purposes	169	(6)
6.6.1 Protein-based Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy	170	(2)
6.6.2 Parenteral Application Route	172	(1)
6.6.2.1 Preclinical Studies with Protein-based Particles	172	(1)
6.6.2.2 Clinical Studies with Protein-based Particles	172	(2)
6.6.3 Topical Application of Protein-based Particles	174	(1)
6.6.4 Peroral Application of Protein-based Particles	175	(1)
6.7 Immunological Reactions with Protein-based Microspheres	175	(1)
6.8 Concluding Remarks	176	(1)
References	176	(9)
7 Albumin Nanoparticles	185	(34)
Juan Manuel Irache and Socorro Espuelas
7.1 Introduction	185	(1)
7.2 Serum Albumin	186	(1)
7.3 Preparation of Albumin Nanoparticles	187	(9)
7.3.1 "Conventional" Albumin Nanoparticles	188	(1)
7.3.1.1 Preparation of Albumin Nanoparticles by Desolvation or Coacervation	189	(1)
7.3.1.2 Preparation of Albumin Nanoparticles by Emulsification	192	(1)
7.3.1.3 Other Techniques to Prepare Albumin Nanoparticles	193	(1)
7.3.2 Surface-modified Albumin Nanoparticles	193	(1)
7.3.3 Drug Encapsulation in Albumin Nanoparticles	194	(2)
7.4 Biodistribution of Albumin Nanoparticles	196	(2)
7.5 Pharmaceutical Applications	198	(9)
7.5.1 Albumin Nanoparticles for Diagnostic Purposes	198	(1)
7.5.1.1 Radiopharmaceuticals	198	(1)
7.5.1.2 Echo-contrast Agents	199	(1)
7.5.2 Albumin Nanoparticles as Carriers for Oligonucleotides and DNA	199	(2)
7.5.3 Albumin Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Cancer	201	(1)
7.5.3.1 Fluorouracil and Methotrexate Delivery	201	(1)
7.5.3.2 Paclitaxel Delivery	202	(1)
7.5.3.3 Albumin Nanoparticles in Suicide Gene Therapy	203	(1)
7.5.4 Magnetic Albumin Nanoparticles	204	(1)
7.5.5 Albumin Nanoparticles for Ocular Drug Delivery	205	(1)
7.5.5.1 Topical Drug Delivery	205	(1)
7.5.5.2 Intravitreal Drug Delivery	205	(2)
7.6 Concluding Remarks	207	(1)
References	208	(11)
8 Nanoscale Patterning of S-Layer Proteins as a Natural Self-assembly System	219	(34)
Margit Sára, D. Pure, C. Huber, N. Ilk, M. Pleschberger and U.B. Sleytr
8.1 Introduction	219	(1)
8.2 General Properties of S-Layers	220	(4)
8.2.1 Structure, Isolation, Self-Assembly and Recrystallization	220	(1)
8.2.2 Chemistry and Molecular Biology	221	(2)
8.2.3 S-Layers as Carbohydrate-binding Proteins	223	(1)
8.3 Nanoscale Patterning of S-Layer Proteins	224	(17)
8.3.1 Properties of S-Layer Proteins Relevant for Nanoscale Patterning	224	(1)
8.3.2 Immobilization of Functionalities by Chemical Methods	225	(1)
8.3.3 Patterning by Genetic Approaches	226	(1)
8.3.3.1 The S-Layer Proteins SbsA, SbsB and SbsC	226	(1)
8.3.3.2 S-Layer Fusion Proteins	228	(13)
8.4 Spatial Control over S-Layer Reassembly	241	(1)
8.5 S-Layers as Templates for the Formation of Regularly Arranged Nanoparticles	242	(2)
8.5.1 Binding of Molecules and Nanoparticles to Functional Domains	242	(2)
8.5.2 In Situ Synthesis of Nanoparticles on S-Layers	244	(1)
8.6 Conclusions and Outlook	244	(1)
Acknowledgments	245	(1)
References	245	(8)
III Pharmaceutically Important Nanomaterials	253	(141)
9 Methods of Preparation of Drug Nanoparticles	255	(32)
Jonghwi Lee, Gio-Bin Lim and Hesson Chung
9.1 Introduction	255	(2)
9.2 Structures of Drug Nanoparticles	257	(1)
9.3 Thermodynamic Approaches	257	(7)
9.3.1 Lipid-based Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles	258	(1)
9.3.2 What is a Lipid?	259	(1)
9.3.3 Liquid Crystalline Phases of Hydrated Lipids with Planar and Curved Interfaces	260	(1)
9.3.4 Oil-in-water-type Lipid Emulsion	261	(1)
9.3.5 Liposomes	261	(1)
9.3.6 Cubosomes and Hexosomes	262	(1)
9.3.7 Other Lipid-based Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles	263	(1)
9.4 Mechanical Approaches	264	(6)
9.4.1 Types of Processing	264	(2)
9.4.2 Characteristics of Wet Comminution	266	(1)
9.4.3 Drying of Liquid Nanodispersions	267	(3)
9.5 SCF Approaches	270	(5)
9.5.1 SCF Characteristics	270	(1)
9.5.2 Classification of SCF Particle Formation Processes	271	(1)
9.5.3 RES S	272	(1)
9.5.4 SAS	273	(1)
9.5.5 SEDS	274	(1)
9.6 Electrostatic Approaches	275	(5)
9.6.1 Electrical Potential and Interfaces	275	(2)
9.6.2 Electrospraying	277	(3)
References	280	(7)
10 Production of Biofunctionalized Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Site-specific Drug Delivery	287	(1)
Rainer H. Willer, Eliana B. Souto, Torsten Göppert and Sven Gohla
10.1 Introduction	287	(2)
10.2 Concept of Differential Adsorption	289	(3)
10.3 Production of SLN	292	(2)
10.4 Functionalization by Surface Modification	294	(4)
10.5 Conclusions	298	(1)
References	299	(5)
11 Biocompatible Nanoparticulate Systems for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy	304	(1)
Mostafa Sadoqi, Sunil Kumar, Cesar Lau-Cam and Vishal Saxena
11.1 Introduction	304	(1)
11.2 Nanoscale Particulate Systems and their Building Blocks/Components	305	(7)
11.2.1 Dendrimers	305	(2)
11 2.2 Buckyballs and Buckytubes	307	(2)
11.2.3 Quantum Dots	309	(1)
11.2.4 Polymeric Micelles	310	(1)
11.2.5 Liposomes	310	(2)
11.3 Biodegradable Nanoparticles	312	(2)
11.3.1 Preparation of Nanoparticles	313	(1)
11.4 Biodegradable Optical Nanoparticles	314	(3)
11.4.1 Optical Nanoparticles as a Potential Technology for Tumor Diagnosis	314	(1)
11.4.2 Optical Nanoparticles as a Potential Technology for Tumor Treatment	315	(2)
11.5 Optical Imaging and PDT	317	(10)
11.5.1 Optical Imaging	317	(1)
11.5.1.1 Fluorescence-based Optical Imaging	317	(1)
11.5.1.2 NIR Fluorescence Imaging	317	(1)
11.5.1.3 NIR Dyes for Fluorescence Imaging	318	(1)
11.5.2 PDT	318	(1)
11.5.2.1 Basis of PDT	319	(1)
11.5.2.2 Photosensitizers for PDT	320	(1)
11.5.3 ICG: An Ideal Photoactive Agent for Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment	320	(1)
11.5.3.1 Clinical Uses of ICG	320	(1)
11.5.3.2 Structure and Physicochemical Properties of ICG	321	(1)
11.5.3.3 Binding Properties of ICG	321	(1)
11.5.3.4 Metabolism, Excretion and Pharmacokinetics of ICG	322	(1)
11.5.3.5 Toxicity of ICG	322	(1)
11.5.3.6 Tumor Imaging with, ICG	322	(1)
11.5.3.7 PDT with ICG	323	(1)
11.5.3.8 Limitations of ICG for Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment	324	(1)
11.5.3.9 Recent Approaches for Improving the Blood Circulation Time and Uptake of ICG by Tumors	325	(1)
11.5.3.10 Recent Approaches for ICG Stabilization In Vitro	326	(1)
11.6 PLGA-based Nanoparticulate Delivery System for ICG	327	(9)
11.6.1 Rationale of Using a PLGA-based Nanoparticulate Delivery System for ICG	327	(4)
11.6.2 In Vino Pharmacokinetics of ICG Solutions and Nanoparticles	331	(5)
11.7 Conclusions and Future Work	336	(2)
References	338	(11)
12 Nanoparticles for Crossing Biological Membranes	349	(1)
R. Pawor, A. Avramoff and A.J. Domb
12.1 Introduction	349	(1)
12.2 Cell Membranes	350	(4)
12.2.1 Functions of Biological Membranes	351	(1)
12.2.2 Kinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological Membranes	352	(2)
12.3 Problems of Drugs Crossing through Biological Membranes	354	(8)
12.3.1 Through the Skin	354	(1)
12.3.1.1 Mechanical Irritation of Skin	355	(1)
12.3.1.2 Low-voltage Electroporation of the Skin	355	(2)
12.3.2 Through the BBB	357	(1)
12.3.2.1 Small Drugs	359	(1)
12.3.2.1.1 Limitations of Small Drugs	359	(1)
12.3.2.2 Peptide Drug Delivery via SynB Vectors	360	(1)
12.3.3 GI Barrier	360	(1)
12.3.3.1 Intestinal Translocation and Disease	361	(1)
12.4 Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery	362	(9)
12.4.1 Skin	363	(1)
12.4.1.1 Skin as Semipermeable Nanoporous Barrier	363	(1)
12.4.1.2 Hydrophilic Pathway through the Skin Barrier	363	(1)
12.4.2 Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) Skin Delivery	364	(1)
12.4.2.1 Chemical Stability of SLN	364	(1)
12.4.2.2 In Vitro Occlusion of SLN	365	(1)
12.4.2.3 In Vivo SLN: Occlusion, Elasticity and Wrinkles	365	(1)
12.4.2.4 Active Compound Penetration into the Skin	365	(1)
12.4.2.5 Controlled Release of Cosmetic Compounds	365	(1)
12.4.2.6 Novel UV Sunscreen System Using SLN	366	(1)
12.4.3 Polymer-based Nanoparticulate Delivery to the Skin	366	(1)
12.4.4 Subcutaneous Nanoparticulate Antiepileptic Drug Delivery	366	(1)
12.4.5 Nanoparticulate Anticancer Drug Delivery	367	(1)
12.4.5.1 Paclitaxel	368	(1)
12.4.5.2 Doxorubicin	368	(1)
12.4.5.3 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)	369	(1)
12.4.5.4 Antineoplastic Agents	369	(1)
12.4.5.5 Gene Delivery	369	(1)
12.4.5.6 Breast Cancer	370	(1)
12.4.6 Nanofibers Composed of Nonbiodegradable Polymer	370	(1)
12.4.6.1 Electrostatic Spinning	371	(1)
12.4.6.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy	371	(1)
12.4.6.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)	371	(1)
12.5 Nanoparticulate Delivery to the BBB	371	(7)
12.5.1 Peptide Delivery to the BBB	372	(1)
12.5.1.1 Peptide Conjugation through a Disulfide Bond	373	(1)
12.5.2 Biodegradable Polymer Based Nanoparticulate Delivery to BBB	373	(1)
12.5.3 Nanoparticulate Gene Delivery to the BBB	374	(1)
12.5.4 Mechanism of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery to the BBB	375	(1)
12.5.5 Nanoparticulate Thiamine-coated Delivery to the BBB	376	(1)
12.5.6 Nanoparticle Optics and Living Cell Imaging	376	(2)
12.6 Oral Nanoparticulate Delivery	378	(16)
12.6.1. Lectin-conjugated Nanoparticulate Oral Delivery	379	(1)
12.6.2 Oral Peptide Nanoparticulate-based Delivery	380	(1)
12.6.3 Polymer-Based Oral Peptide Nanoparticulate Delivery	381	(1)
12.6.3.1 Polyacrylamide Nanospheres	381	(1)
12.6.3.2 Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) PACA Nanocapsules	381	(1)
12.6.3.3 Derivatized Amino Acid Microspheres	382	(1)
12.6.4 Lymphatic Oral Nanoparticulate Delivery	382	(1)
12.6.5 Oral Nanosuspension Delivery	383	(1)
12.6.6 Mucoadhesion of Nanoparticles after Oral Administration	384	(1)
12.6.7 Protein Nanoparticulate Oral Delivery	384	(1)
References	385	(9)
Index	394