Biological Process Engineering An Analogical Approach to Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, and Mass Transfer Applied to Biological Systems

by Johnson, Arthur T.

• ISBN13: 9780471245476
• ISBN10: 047124547X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-12-14
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

A unique, accessible guide to the application of engineering methods to biological systems. Presenting for the first time a practical, design-oriented, interdisciplinary approach to transport phenomena involving biological systems, Biological Process Engineering emphasizes the common aspects of the three main transport processes-fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer. In clear and simple terms, it explores the relevance of these processes to broadly defined biological systems such as the growth of microbes in bioreactors, the leaching of pollutants into groundwater, and the chemistry of food manufacturing. Reaching well beyond standard applications in medicine and the environment to areas of biotechnology, aquaculture, agriculture, and food processing, this book promotes analogical thinking that will lead to creative solutions. While keeping the mathematics to a minimum, it explains principles of effective system modeling and demonstrates a wide variety of problem-solving techniques. Readers will find: * Systems diagrams comparing and contrasting different transport processes * Biological examples for all types of systems, including metabolic pathways, locomotion, reproduction, responses to thermal conditions, and more * Numerous design charts and procedures * An extensive collection of tables of parameter values, not found in any other text. An ideal undergraduate text for biological engineering students taking courses in transport processes, Biological Process Engineering is also an excellent reference for practicing engineers. It introduces the reader to diverse biological phenomena, serves as a stepping-stone to more theoretical topics, and provides important insights into the fast-growing arena of biological engineering.

Author Biography

ARTHUR T. JOHNSON, PhD, PE, is a professor in the Biological Resources Engineering Department at the University of Maryland at College Park. He is the author of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii	(4)
Acknowledgments	xvii
1 Systems Concepts for Transport Processes	1	(108)
1.1 Introduction	1	(2)
1.2 Effort Variables	3	(1)
1.3 Flow Variables	3	(1)
1.4 Relationships Between Flow and Effort Variables	3	(19)
1.4.1 Power	3	(2)
1.4.2 Resistance	5	(1)
1.4.3 Capacity	6	(3)
1.4.4 Inertia	9	(2)
1.4.5 Nonlinearities	11	(5)
1.4.6 Biological Variation	16	(6)
1.5 Sources	22	(4)
1.6 Combination of Elements	26	(15)
1.6.1 Sources	26	(2)
1.6.2 Resistances	28	(3)
1.6.3 Capacity	31	(1)
1.6.4 Inertia	32	(1)
1.6.5 Combinations Involving Time	33	(6)
1.6.6 Alternative Representations	39	(2)
1.7 Balances	41	(34)
1.7.1 Chemical Balances	41	(1)
1.7.2 Force Balances	42	(3)
1.7.3 General Flow Balances	45	(19)
1.7.4 Differences between Effort and Flow Balances	64	(1)
1.7.5 Kirchhoff's Laws	65	(7)
1.7.6 Visualizing Boundary Conditions	72	(3)
1.8 System Applications	75	(15)
1.8.1 Flow through Porous Media	76	(5)
1.8.2 Conduction Heat Transfer	81	(3)
1.8.3 Binary Diffusion Mass Transfer	84	(3)
1.8.4 Conduction of Electricity	87	(2)
1.8.5 Other Transport Systems	89	(1)
1.9 Systems Approach	90	(4)
Problems	94	(13)
References	107	(2)
2 Fluid Flow Systems	109	(153)
2.1 Introduction	109	(2)
2.2 Conservation of Mass	111	(4)
2.2.1 Continuity Equation	111	(2)
2.2.2 Elemental Form of Continuity Equation	113	(2)
2.3 Conservation of Energy	115	(12)
2.3.1 Potential Energy	115	(3)
2.3.2 Kinetic Energy	118	(4)
2.3.3 Modified Bernoulli Equation	122	(3)
2.3.4 Energy Allocation Within the Fluid	125	(1)
2.3.5 General Form of Energy Balance Equation	126	(1)
2.4 Momentum Balance	127	(22)
2.4.1 Viscosity	128	(9)
2.4.2 Momentum Balance in a Circular Pipe	137	(3)
2.4.3 Flow Velocity Profile	140	(1)
2.4.4 General Form for Momentum Balance	141	(1)
2.4.5 Navier-Stokes Equations	142	(3)
2.4.6 Drag Coefficient and Settling Velocity	145	(4)
2.5 Friction Losses in Pipes	149	(53)
2.5.1 Pipe Losses	149	(8)
2.5.2 Minor Losses	157	(6)
2.5.3 Fluid System Impedance	163	(10)
2.5.4 Nonisothermal Flow	173	(2)
2.5.5 Elastic Tubes	175	(7)
2.5.6 Bifurcations	182	(2)
2.5.7 Compressible Flow	184	(8)
2.5.8 Fluid Flow in Plants	192	(2)
2.5.9 Deposition of Suspended Particles	194	(8)
2.6 Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow	202	(21)
2.6.1 Rheological Properties	203	(9)
2.6.2 Pipe Flow	212	(11)
2.7 Open-Channel Flow	223	(4)
2.8 Design Procedure for Pump Specification	227	(18)
Problems	245	(14)
References	259	(3)
3 Heat Transfer Systems	262	(232)
3.1 Introduction	262	(2)
3.2 Conduction	264	(23)
3.2.1 Thermal Conductivity	265	(9)
3.2.2 Thermal Conductance	274	(7)
3.2.3 Multidimensional Conduction	281	(5)
3.2.4 Non-Steady-State Conduction	286	(1)
3.3 Convection	287	(45)
3.3.1 Convection Coefficients	287	(40)
3.3.2 Convection Thermal Resistance	327	(4)
3.3.3 Theoretical Relationships Among Parameters	331	(1)
3.4 Radiation	332	(28)
3.4.1 Black Body Radiation	334	(8)
3.4.2 Real Surfaces	342	(3)
3.4.3 Radiation Exchange Among Gray Bodies	345	(3)
3.4.4 One Body Completely Enclosed in Another	348	(5)
3.4.5 Radiation Through Absorbing Gases	353	(4)
3.4.6 Radiation Coefficient	357	(1)
3.4.7 Solar Flux	358	(2)
3.5 Heat Generation	360	(27)
3.5.1 Diffuse Heat Production	360	(1)
3.5.2 Temperature Dependence	360	(2)
3.5.3 Biological Heat Production	362	(18)
3.5.4 Nonbiological Heat Production	380	(1)
3.5.5 Conduction with Heat Generation	381	(6)
3.6 Heat Storage	387	(14)
3.6.1 Specific Heats	387	(2)
3.6.2 Flow Systems	389	(6)
3.6.3 Convection Determination	395	(3)
3.6.4 Heat Storage in Biological Systems	398	(1)
3.6.5 Thermal Capacity	398	(3)
3.7 Mixed-Mode Heat Transfer	401	(55)
3.7.1 Heat Exchangers	401	(24)
3.7.2 Transient Heat Transfer	425	(26)
3.7.3 Extended Surfaces	451	(5)
3.8 Change of Phase	456	(18)
3.8.1 Change of State	457	(15)
3.8.2 Heat of Solution	472	(1)
3.8.3 Phase Changes	473	(1)
3.9 Heat System Design	474	(1)
Problems	474	(15)
References	489	(5)
4 Mass Transfer	494	(207)
4.1 Introduction	494	(2)
4.2 Mass Balance	496	(1)
4.3 Molecular Diffusion	496	(73)
4.3.1 Fick's Laws	497	(6)
4.3.2 Mass Diffusivity	503	(24)
4.3.3 Diffusion through Membranes and Films	527	(41)
4.3.4 Diffusion Resistance	568	(1)
4.4 Convection	569	(14)
4.4.1 Analogies with Heat Transfer	571	(5)
4.4.2 Packed Beds	576	(7)
4.5 Mass Generation	583	(11)
4.5.1 Enzymatic Reactions	583	(9)
4.5.2 Plant Root Nutrient Uptake	592	(1)
4.5.3 Bacterial Growth Rate	593	(1)
4.6 Mass Storage	594	(10)
4.6.1 Mass Storage in Solution	594	(9)
4.6.2 Mass Capacitance	603	(1)
4.7 Mixed-Mode Mass Transfer	604	(29)
4.7.1 Extended Surfaces	604	(2)
4.7.2 Simultaneous Diffusion and Convection	606	(5)
4.7.3 Dispersion	611	(15)
4.7.4 Non-Unsteady-State Mass Transfer	626	(3)
4.7.5 Mass Exchangers	629	(4)
4.8 Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer	633	(45)
4.8.1 Psychrometrics	633	(26)
4.8.2 Drying	659	(19)
4.9 Design of Mass Transfer Systems	678	(1)
Problems	679	(17)
References	696	(5)
5 Life Systems	701	(2)
References	702	(1)
Index	703