Biology

by Strauss, Eric; Lisowski, Marylin

• ISBN13: 9780201334401
• ISBN10: 0201334402
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-06-01
• Publisher: Addison-Wesley

Table of Contents

The Study of Life	2	(2)
The Big Idea: Living things share many characteristics, including organization adaptation
Similarities Among Living Things	4	(8)
Adaptation and Interdependence	12	(7)
The Big Idea: Scientists use careful observation and controlled experiment to study the natural world
Doing the Science of Biology	19	(11)
Unit 1 The Basis of Life	30	(126)
Chemical Basis of Life	32	(24)
The Big Idea: Living things are made of chemicals with characteristic structures and functions
Chemicals in Organisms	34	(3)
Basics of Chemistry	37	(5)
The Big Idea: Life processes depend on breaking and forming chemical bonds in chemical reactions
Chemicals at Work	42	(4)
Chemistry in Life Processes	46	(3)
The Big Idea: Life processes depend on the properties of water and the characteristics of solutions
Water and Solutions	49	(7)
Cell Structure and Function	56	(24)
The Big Idea: Cell structures of living organisms perform life functions
A Look at Cells	58	(4)
Basic Cell Structures	62	(4)
Cell Organelles	66	(3)
The Big Idea: Cells of major groups of organisms can be distinguished by their structural differences
Cell Diversity	69	(3)
The Big Idea: Cells exchange materials with their environment by chemical and physical processes
Cells and Their Environment	72	(8)
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration	80	(22)
The Big Idea: All organisms get energy by breaking down the chemical compounds in food and making ATP and other molecules
Energy and ATP	82	(3)
Photosynthesis	85	(6)
Cellular Respiration	91	(6)
The Big Idea: Energy from sunlight passes through a series of living organisms
Energy Flow in the Biosphere	97	(5)
Cell Division	102	(24)
The Big Idea: Cell division is the basis of reproduction and development
When Do Cells Divide?	104	(3)
How Do Cells Divide?	107	(7)
The Big Idea: Chromosome number is reduced in meiosis
What Is Meiosis?	114	(4)
New Chromosome Combinations	118	(8)
Unit 1 Review	124	(2)
Unit 2 Genetics	126	(100)
Fundamentals of Genetics	128	(28)
The Big Idea: Traits are inherited in a consistent pattern
Patterns of Inheritance	130	(4)
Principles of Inheritance	134	(4)
The Big Idea: There are patterns of inheritance that make some traits predictable
Genetics and Predictions	138	(4)
Predictions and People	142	(5)
Difficult Predictions	147	(9)
DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes	156	(24)
The Big Idea: The structure of DNA, the molecule of heredity, enables the molecule to copy itself
Molecule of Heredity	158	(2)
DNA Structure and Replication	160	(5)
The Big Idea: Genes, sections of DNA that code for a specific trait, are linked together on chromosomes
Linked Genes	165	(5)
Sex Linkage	170	(3)
The Human Gene Map	173	(7)
Protein Synthesis	180	(24)
The Big Idea: Genes are sequences of DNA bases that can be translated into proteins or parts of proteins when they are activated
From Genotype to Phenotype	182	(6)
Protein and Phenotype	188	(4)
The Big Idea: Changes in DNA can cause changes in phenotype
Changes in Chromosomes	192	(4)
Genes and Cancer	196	(8)
The Biotechnology Revolution	204	(22)
The Big Idea: Genotypes can be changed through selective breeding and genetic engineering
Breeding	206	(3)
Genetic Engineering	209	(4)
The Big Idea: Technology enables us to find out about genotype and use this knowledge to affect phenotype
Applications of Genetic Engineering	213	(6)
Safety and Ethics in Biotechnology	219	(7)
Unit 2 Review	224	(2)
Unit 3 Change and Diversity	226	(96)
The Theory of Evolution	228	(26)
The Big Idea: Populations change over time through natural selection
Variation and Adaptation	230	(3)
Darwin and His Theory	233	(5)
The Big Idea: Scientific analysis of fossils and modem organisms supports the theory of evolution
Tracking Changes	238	(3)
The Big Idea: New species can originate through natural selection and other changes in a population's gene pool
Origin of Species	241	(5)
Population Genetics	246	(8)
The History of Life	254	(24)
The Big Idea: Evidence indicates that organic molecules and cells may have formed spontaneously on ancient Earth
Earth's Early History	256	(7)
The Big Idea: Our planet and the organisms that inhabit it have changed greatly over time
The First Organisms	263	(5)
History of Living Things	268	(10)
Human History	278	(20)
The Big Idea: Primates are mammals with binocular vision and dexterous hands and arms
Primates	280	(6)
The Big Idea: There have been many different hominid species over time, each species with its own unique characteristics
Hominids	286	(4)
Homo sapiens	290	(8)
Classification	298	(24)
The Big Idea: Scientists classify organisms into a hierarchy of groups based on evolutionary relationships
Classification	300	(5)
Basis for Classification	305	(8)
The Big Idea: Classification has numerous applications, including identifying species
Identifying Organisms	313	(9)
Unit 3 Review	320	(2)
Unit 4 Monerans, Protists, and Fungi	322	(72)
Viruses and Monerans	324	(26)
The Big Idea: Viruses are particles that depend on living things to replicate
Characteristics of Viruses	326	(4)
Origin and Diversity of Viruses	330	(4)
Viruses in the Biosphere	334	(2)
The Big Idea: Monerans are microscopic organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Characteristics of Monerans	336	(4)
Origin and Diversity of Monerans	340	(4)
Monerans in the Biosphere	344	(6)
Protists	350	(22)
The Big Idea: Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotes that include unicellular and multicellular organisms
Characteristics of Protists	352	(3)
The Big Idea: Protists can be classified into three groups-protozoans, algae, and molds
Animal-like Protists-Protozoans	355	(3)
Plantlike Protists-Algae	358	(4)
Funguslike Protists-Molds	362	(3)
The Big Idea: Protists have a major ecological impact as food sources, decomposers, and infectious agents
Protists in the Biosphere	365	(7)
Fungi	372	(22)
The Big Idea: Fungi are stationary organisms that live as heterotrophs
Characteristics of Fungi	374	(4)
Origin and Diversity of Fungi	378	(6)
The Big Idea: Fungi act as decomposers and symbiotic partners of humans and many other organisms
Fungi in the Biosphere	384	(10)
Unit 4 Review	392	(2)
Unit 5 Plants	394	(102)
Introduction to Plants	396	(24)
The Big Idea: Most plants have structures that enable them to survive on land and produce food
The Structure of Plants	398	(7)
Plants in the Biosphere	405	(4)
Characteristics of Plants	409	(4)
The Big Idea: Key features can be used to classify plants
Overview of Plant Diversity	413	(7)
Energy, Transport, and Growth in Plants	420	(24)
The Big Idea: Plants perform life processes using specialized structures
Photosynthesis in Plants	422	(6)
Transport in Plants	428	(7)
The Big Idea: The parts of most plants grow from specialized tissues
Plant Growth	435	(9)
Response and Reproduction in Plants	444	(24)
The Big Idea: Plants respond to and affect the environment
Plants Respond to the Environment	446	(6)
Plants Change the Environment	452	(3)
The Big Idea: Plants reproduce both asexually and sexually
Asexual Reproduction in Plants	455	(3)
Sexual Reproduction in Plants	458	(5)
Focus on Flowers	463	(5)
Origin and Diversity of Plants	468	(28)
The Big Idea: Plants are multicellular organisms with adaptations for life on land
Natural History of Plants	470	(5)
Mosses	475	(3)
The Big Idea: Ferns have vascular systems and reproduce by means of spores
Ferns	478	(3)
The Big Idea: Seed plants do not require water for fertilization and have therefore colonized extensive areas of land
Conifers	481	(4)
Flowering Plants	485	(11)
Unit 5 Review	494	(2)
Unit 6 Invertebrate Animals	496	(92)
Sponges and Cnidarians	498	(24)
The Big Idea: Animals have evolved a number of adaptations enabling them to perform essential functions of life
Introduction to Animals	500	(4)
The Big Idea: Sponges are sessile animals without specialized tissues and organs
Characteristics of Sponges	504	(3)
Origin and Diversity of Sponges	507	(2)
The Big Idea: Cnidarians are radially symmetrical animals with specialized tissues and stinging tentacles
Characteristics of Cnidarians	509	(4)
Origin and Diversity of Cnidarians	513	(3)
The Big Idea: Sponges and cnidarians provide food and protection for a large number of organisms
Sponges and Cnidarians in the Biosphere	516	(6)
Worms and Mollusks	522	(22)
The Big Idea: Flatworms and roundworms have bilateral symmetry and specialized tissues
Flatworms and Roundworms	524	(6)
The Big Idea: Mollusks share a common body plan that includes a muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle
Mollusks	530	(6)
The Big Idea: Annelids are wormlike animals with a segmented body
Segmented Worms	536	(8)
Arthropods	544	(26)
The Big Idea: Arthropods are segmented invertebrates with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton
Arthropods	546	(3)
The Big Idea: In general, arthropods are classified by the number of body segments they have and the structure of their appendages
Crustaceans	549	(3)
Spiders and Their Relatives	552	(4)
Insects and Their Relatives	556	(8)
The Big Idea: Arthropods, as members of the largest phylum, have many important roles in the biosphere
Arthropods in the Biosphere	564	(6)
Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates	570	(18)
The Big Idea: Echinoderms are marine animals with spiny skin, an endoskeleton, and a water vascular system
Echinoderms	572	(8)
The Big Idea: Invertebrate chordates represent possible evolutionary links between invertebrates and vertebrates
Invertebrate Chordates	580	(8)
Unit 6 Review	586	(2)
Unit 7 Vertebrate Animals	588	(100)
Fishes and Amphibians	590	(28)
The Big Idea: Vertebrates are animals with backbones
Vertebrates	592	(2)
The Big Idea: Fishes are a diverse group of vertebrates that are adapted for in the water
Characteristics of Fishes	594	(5)
Origin and Diversity of Fishes	599	(4)
Fishes in the Biosphere	603	(2)
The Big Idea: Although amphibians share some fish traits, they are adapted to life on land
Characteristics of Amphibians	605	(4)
Origin and Diversity of Amphibians	609	(3)
Amphibians in the Biosphere	612	(6)
Reptiles and Birds	618	(28)
The Big Idea: Reptiles represent the first vertebrates with adaptations that enable them to live their entire lives out of water
Characteristics of Reptiles	620	(5)
Origin and Diversity of Reptiles	625	(4)
Reptiles in the Biosphere	629	(3)
The Big Idea: With the development of feathers, birds were the first vertebrates able to maintain a constant body temperature
Characteristics of Birds	632	(6)
Origin and Diversity of Birds	638	(2)
Birds in the Biosphere	640	(6)
Mammals	646	(20)
The Big Idea: Although different species have unique adaptations, all mammals are endothermic vertebrates with hair and mammary glands
Characteristics of Mammals	648	(6)
Origin and Diversity of Mammals	654	(6)
The Big Idea: Mammals live almost everywhere on Earth and play important roles in ecosystems
Mammals in the Biosphere	660	(6)
Animal Behavior	666	(22)
The Big Idea: Animal behaviors are adaptations that maximize survival and reproductive fitness
Animal Behavior	668	(3)
Innate Behavior	671	(4)
Learned Behavior	675	(4)
The Big Idea: Animal behavior involves interactions between individuals, between groups, and with the environment
Behavior in the Life of Animals	679	(9)
Unit 7 Review	686	(2)
Unit 8 Human Biology	688	(162)
Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems	690	(28)
The Big Idea: The human body consists of twelve systems
Body Systems	692	(4)
The Big Idea: The body's skeleton provides support and protection
Support	696	(2)
Human Skeleton	698	(5)
The Big Idea: Muscles contract to move the body
Movement	703	(3)
Human Muscles	706	(4)
The Big Idea: The skin covers and protects the body's internal organs
Covering	710	(8)
Digestive and Excretory Systems	718	(24)
The Big Idea: The digestive system breaks down food into usable compounds
Digestion	720	(5)
Human Digestive System	725	(4)
Health of the Digestive System	729	(4)
The Big Idea: The excretory system eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes and helps maintain homeostasis
Excretion	733	(2)
Human Excretory System	735	(7)
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems	742	(26)
The Big Idea: The vital exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the respiratory systems of animals
Respiratory Systems	744	(4)
Every Breath You Take	748	(3)
Health of the Respiratory System	751	(3)
The Big Idea: Circulatory systems transport materials necessary for life
Circulatory Systems	754	(5)
Blood	759	(3)
Health of the Circulatory System	762	(6)
Immune System	768	(24)
The Big Idea: The immune system protects the body from harmful organisms and substances
Protecting the Organism	770	(4)
The Big Idea: The immune system consists of specialized cells, organs, and organ systems that respond to the presence of a pathogen
Overview of the Immune System	774	(3)
Activities of the Immune System	777	(6)
The Big Idea: A healthy immune system requires a healthy lifestyle
Health of the Immune System	783	(9)
Endocrine and Reproductive Systems	792	(28)
The Big Idea: The endocrine system controls long-lasting internal changes
Endocrine Control	794	(2)
Human Endocrine System	796	(5)
Health of the Endocrine System	801	(2)
The Big Idea: Reproductive systems make possible the continuation of life
Reproduction	803	(6)
Human Development	809	(6)
Health of the Reproductive System	815	(5)
Nervous Systems	820	(30)
The Big Idea: Nervous systems control our detection of and response to the environment
Sensing and Control	822	(3)
The Big Idea: The human nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs
Nerves at Work	825	(3)
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems	828	(6)
The Senses	834	(4)
The Big Idea: The health of the nervous system can be affected by injury, disease, and substance abuse
Nervous System Health and Substance Abuse	838	(12)
Unit 8 Review	848	(2)
Unit 9 Organisms and the Environment	850	(92)
The Biosphere	852	(22)
The Big Idea: Life depends on the relationships between living and nonliving parts of the environment
Characteristics of the Biosphere	854	(4)
Climate	858	(3)
The Big Idea: Regions of the biosphere have distinguishing characteristics
Land Biomes	861	(5)
Water Biomes	866	(8)
Populations and Communities	874	(22)
The Big Idea: The size of a population is affected by living and nonliving factors
Population Growth	876	(5)
Limits on Population Growth	881	(4)
The Big Idea: How populations interact determines the structure and characteristics of a community
Communities	885	(5)
The Big Idea: Biotic and abiotic changes in a community alter the community structure
Ecological Succession	890	(6)
Ecosystem Dynamics	896	(20)
The Big Idea: In an ecosystem, the flow of energy moves in one direction
Ecosystem Structure	898	(4)
Energy Levels	902	(3)
The Big Idea: Nutrients are recycled in ecosystems
Chemical Cycles	905	(11)
People and the Environment	916	(26)
The Big Idea: Human use of essential natural resources can affect the web of life
Earth's Resources	918	(2)
The Big Idea: Land, water, and air are invaluable natural resources
Land in the Biosphere	920	(4)
Water in the Biosphere	924	(4)
Air in the Biosphere	928	(4)
The Big Idea: Humans can affect the future of the biosphere in a positive way
Environmental Success Stories	932	(10)
Unit 9 Review	940	(2)
References and Resources
Letter from the Authors	942	(1)
Appendix A: Metric Conversions	943	(1)
Appendix B: The Periodic Table	944	(2)
Appendix C: Laboratory Safety	946	(1)
Appendix D: Laboratory Skills	947	(2)
Appendix E: Problem-Solving Skills	949	(8)
Appendix F: Classification of Organisms	957	(5)
Biology Atlas	962	(14)
Glossary	976	(21)
Index	997	(16)
Acknowledgments	1013