Abbreviations | p. ix |
List of Boxes | p. xi |
Coral Reefs - Biodiverse and Productive Tropical Ecosystems | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Areas and distributions of reefs | p. 10 |
Biodiversity on coral reefs | p. 13 |
Coral communities and reef growth | p. 17 |
Types of reefs | p. 20 |
Profiles and zones of reefs | p. 24 |
Biodiversity on reef slopes | p. 30 |
Values of reefs to people | p. 32 |
The Main Reef Builders and Space Occupiers | p. 33 |
Corals | p. 36 |
Soft corals and sea fans | p. 47 |
Sponges | p. 50 |
Other animal species | p. 55 |
Macroalgae | p. 57 |
Seagrasses and mangroves | p. 59 |
Rates of coral growth, rates of reef growth | p. 62 |
Soft substrates | p. 65 |
The Abiotic Environment | p. 66 |
Controls on coral distribution | p. 66 |
Salinity | p. 66 |
Temperature | p. 71 |
Light | p. 76 |
Nutrients | p. 79 |
Exposure and other hydrodynamic factors | p. 84 |
Sediment | p. 87 |
Seawater carbonate chemistry | p. 91 |
Symbiotic Interactions | p. 98 |
What is symbiosis? | p. 98 |
Algal-invertebrate symbioses in corals and soft corals | p. 98 |
Diversity of zooxanthellae | p. 101 |
Physiology of coral calcification | p. 104 |
Photosynthesis and carbon fluxes | p. 106 |
Nitrogen acquisition and fluxes | p. 113 |
Phosphorus | p. 116 |
Symbiosis establishment and stability | p. 117 |
Coral-microbial associations | p. 122 |
Sponge symbioses with non-photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and algae | p. 125 |
'Macro' or iconic symbioses e.g. fish and sea anemones, shrimps, and fish | p. 127 |
Microbial, Microalgal, and Planktonic Reef Life | p. 130 |
Microbial reef life | p. 130 |
Trophic links | p. 146 |
Zooplankton behaviour and ecology | p. 154 |
Reef Fishes: Diversity, Feeding, and Food Chains | p. 161 |
Geographical influences on diversity | p. 62 |
Reef fish: colourful for a reason | p. 164 |
Trophic ecology of coral reef fish | p. 168 |
The coral reef food chain | p. 182 |
Impacts on the food chain | p. 184 |
Reef Fisheries and Reef Aquaculture | p. 192 |
Fisheries resources on reefs | p. 193 |
Practical issues with reef fishes | p. 203 |
Live reef fish trade | p. 206 |
Aquaculture on reefs | p. 210 |
Impacts of fishing | p. 211 |
Approaches to managing coral reef fisheries | p. 215 |
Controlling coral reef fisheries | p. 218 |
Future for reef fisheries | p. 220 |
Coral Reefs in the Modern World | p. 223 |
Damaging impacts on reefs | p. 224 |
Other physical impacts | p. 231 |
Coral diseases | p. 234 |
Diseases of other reef organisms | p. 237 |
Climate change | p. 239 |
Acidification | p. 247 |
Sea level rise | p. 249 |
Cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons | p. 250 |
Synergies, stasis, and feedbacks | p. 253 |
Consequences to Reefs of Changing Environmental Stress | p. 255 |
Ecological consequences of environmental impacts | p. 255 |
Changes to the main architectural species | p. 259 |
Changes on Indo-Pacific reefs | p. 265 |
Sizes of the coral 'reservoir' | p. 274 |
Changing food chains and trophic balances | p. 275 |
The Future, Human Population, and Management | p. 278 |
The time scale available | p. 279 |
The elephant in the room | p. 282 |
Protected areas and coral reefs | p. 285 |
Environmental assessments | p. 288 |
Costs, prices, and values | p. 290 |
The 'slippery slope to slime' | p. 293 |
The future for reefs | p. 293 |
Bibliography | p. 301 |
Index | p. 333 |
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