The Biology and Practice of Current Nutritional Support, Second Edition

by Latifi,Rifat

• ISBN13: 9781570595950
• ISBN10: 157059595X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Spiral Bound
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Univ. of Arizona, Tucson. Pocket-sized manual provides guidelines and methods for assessing and monitoring nutritional status for those needing intravenous and enteral nutritional support. Defines laparoscopic placement of feeding tubes and the use of various nutritional substrates administered in clinical settings. Previous edition not cited. Wire-spiral binding.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xvii
1. Clinical Implications of Carbohydrate, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins and Trace Elements in Nutrition Support	1	(16)
Larry H. Bernstein
Overview	1	(1)
Stress Hypermetabolism and the Nutritionally-Dependent Adaptive Dichotomy	2	(1)
Energy Requirements of Injured Man	3	(3)
Nutritional Requirements	6	(2)
Clinical vs. Laboratory Information	8	(2)
Information Model	10	(1)
Length of Stay (LOS)	11	(1)
Improving Correction of Malnutrition	11	(1)
Nutrition Support Monitoring	12	(1)
Quality Management	13	(4)
2. Current Nutrient Substrates	17	(35)
Wendy Swails Bollinger, Timothy J. Babineau and George L. Blackburn
Introduction	17	(1)
Hepatic Disease and Stress: Branched-Chain Amino Acid Enriched Diets	17	(7)
Arginine	24	(3)
Glutamine	27	(6)
Nucleotides	33	(2)
Lipids	35	(8)
Conclusion	43	(9)
3. Biochemistry of Amino Acids: Clinical Implications	52	(11)
Rifat Latifi, Khawaja Aizimuddin
Introduction	52	(1)
Structure of Amino Acid and Proteins	52	(1)
Amino Acid and Protein Synthesis	53	(1)
Post-Synthetic Modification	54	(1)
Protein Function	54	(1)
Classification of Amino Acids	55	(3)
Amino Acids in Critical Illness and Injury	58	(1)
Amino Acids in Circulation	59	(1)
Digestion of Amino Acids	59	(1)
Absorption of Amino Acids	60	(3)
Biochemical Transformation of Amino Acids 61
4. Acute Phase Proteins in Critically Ill Patients	63	(9)
Khawaja Azimuddin, Rifat Latifi and Rao R. Ivatury
Role of the Acute Phase Response	63	(1)
Physiology	63	(2)
Sequence of Events During Acute Phase Response	65	(1)
Modulation of the Acute Phase Response	65	(1)
The Acute Phase Proteins	65	(1)
Albumin	66	(1)
Prealbumin	67	(1)
Retinol-Binding Protein	67	(1)
Transferrin	67	(1)
C-Reactive Protein	67	(1)
Ceruloplasmin	68	(1)
Fibrinogen	68	(1)
Complement	68	(1)
Amyloid	68	(1)
Alpha 1 Acid Glycoprotein	68	(1)
Alpha-1 Protease Inhibitor	68	(1)
Monitoring Nutrition in the Critically Ill Patient	69	(3)
5. Arginine Metabolism in Critical Care and Sepsis	72	(16)
Rima I. Kandalaft, V. Bruce Grossie, Jr.
Pathways of Arginine and Ornithine Metabolism	72	(8)
Fate of Exogenous Arginine	80	(1)
Nitric Oxide in Critical Care	81	(2)
Conclusion	83	(5)
6. Wound Healing and the Role of Nutrient Substrates	88	(15)
David A. Lanning, Rifat Latifi
Basic Principles of Wound Healing	88	(1)
Malnutrition and Wound Healing	89	(2)
Nutritional Supplementation and Wound Healing	91	(1)
Specific Nutrients, Vitamins, and Trace Elements	92	(6)
Conclusion	98	(5)
7. Protein Metabolism in Liver and Intestine During Sepsis: Mediators, Molecular Regulation, and Clinical Implications	103	(23)
Timothy A. Pritts, Eric Hungness and Per-Olof Hasselgren
Introduction	103	(1)
Liver	103	(10)
Intestine	113	(13)
8. Biochemical Assessment and Monitoring of Nutritional Status	126	(19)
Robert S. DeChicco, Laura E. Matarese, Douglas Seidner and Ezra Steiger
The Incidence of Malnutrition 126
Methods of Nutrition Assessment	126	(19)
9. Optimizing Drug Therapy and Enteral Nutrition: Detecting Drug-Nutrient Interactions	145	(13)
Marcia L. Brackbill, Gretchen M. Brophy
Introduction	145	(1)
Avoiding Tube Occlusions	145	(3)
Pharmacokinetic Interactions	148	(2)
Pharmacodynamic Interactions	150	(1)
Influence of Tube Placement on Drug Efficacy	151	(1)
Optimizing Tolerance to Enteral Nutrition and Drug Therapy	152	(1)
Summary	153	(5)
10. Techniques and Monitoring of Total Parenteral Nutrition	158	(23)
Renee Piazza-Barnett, Laura E. Matarese, Douglas L. Seidner and Ezra Steiger
Introduction	158	(1)
Macronutrients	158	(1)
Micronutrients/Additives	159	(3)
Access/Delivery	162	(1)
Monitoring Parameters	163	(2)
Complications of Parenteral Nutrition Therapy	165	(12)
Cycling Total Parenteral Nutrition	177	(1)
Conclusion	177	(4)
11. Radiologic Assessment of Nutritional and Metabolic Status	181	(11)
Diane R. Horowitz, Rifat Latifi
Introduction	181	(1)
Ultrasound Use in Assessing Body Composition	181	(9)
Conclusion	190	(2)
12. Enteral Nutrition: Indications, Monitoring and Complications	192	(7)
Gayle Minard
Introduction	192	(1)
Indications	192	(2)
Contraindications	194	(1)
Monitoring	194	(1)
Complications	195	(3)
Conclusion	198	(1)
13. Enteral Access: Open, Endoscopic & Laparoscopic Techniques	199	(9)
Keith Zuccala, John M. Porter
Gastrostomy	199	(4)
Jejunostomy	203	(3)
Conclusion	206	(2)
14. Total Parenteral Nutrition: Current Concepts and Indications	208	(11)
Rifat Latifi, Stanley J. Dudrick
Introduction	208	(1)
General Indications for Use of TPN	209	(1)
Specific Indications for Total Parenteral Nutrition	210	(1)
Short Bowel Syndrome	210	(1)
Enterocutaneous Fistula	211	(1)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease	212	(1)
Liver Failure	212	(2)
Acute Pancreatitis	214	(1)
Cancer and TPN: To Feed or Not to Feed?	215	(4)
15. Intestinal Adaptation: New Insights	219	(31)
Jon S. Thompson
Introduction	219	(1)
Structural Changes	219	(1)
Functional Adaptation	220	(10)
Summary	230	(1)
Systemic Factors	230	(5)
Clinical Implications	235	(15)
16. Intestinal Regeneration and Nutrition	250	(11)
Jon S. Thompson, Shailendra K. Saxena and John G. Sharp
Introduction	250	(1)
Mechanism	250	(3)
Clinical Implications	253	(8)
17. Nutritional and Metabolic Management of Short Bowel Syndrome	261	(14)
Stanley J. Dudrick, Fizan Abdullah and Rifat Latifi
Introduction	261	(2)
Pathophysiology	263	(2)
Nutritional and Metabolic Management	265	(1)
Immediate Postoperative Period	265	(3)
Bowel Adaptation Period	268	(2)
Long-Term Management Period	270	(1)
Growth Hormone, Glutamine, and Hormone Modified Diet	270	(1)
Surgical Considerations	271	(4)
18. Pharmacologic Aspects of Short Bowel Syndrome	275	(31)
Patricia Pecora Fulco, Donald F. Kirby
Physiologic Considerations	275	(1)
Site Specific Contributions	276	(2)
Adaptation	278	(1)
Intravenous Access in SBS Patients	278	(18)
Conclusion	296	(10)
19. Nutritional Support in Inflammatory Bowel Disease	306	(14)
John H. Seashore, Melissa R. Perkal
Introduction	306	(1)
Malnutrition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease	306	(3)
Nutritional Support in Inflammatory Bowel Disease	309	(5)
Summary	314	(6)
20. Nutrition Support of Acute Pancreatitis	320	(14)
Rifat Latifi, Stanley J. Dudrick
Introduction	320	(1)
Pathophysiology of Acute Pancreatitis	320	(2)
Alcohol and Biliary Disease	322	(1)
Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals	322	(1)
Pancreatic Ischemia in Experimental Acute Pancreatitis	323	(1)
Metabolic Changes and Other Complications in Acute Pancreatitis	323	(2)
Biochemical Abnormalities	325	(1)
Lung Injury	326	(1)
Nutritional Management in Acute Pancreatitis	326	(1)
The Effects Of Nutrient Substrates	327	(1)
Inhibition of Pancreatic Secretion	328	(1)
Rationale for TPN in Acute Pancreatitis	329	(1)
Dextrose and Amino Acids	329	(1)
Lipids	330	(1)
Administration and Monitoring of TPN	330	(4)
21. Nutritional Management of Chronic Pancreatitis: Current Concepts	334	(12)
Rifat Latifi, Paul G. Perch and Stanley J. Dudrick
Introduction	334	(1)
Etiologic and Risk Factors of Chronic Pancreatitis	335	(1)
Nutritional Deficiencies in Chronic Pancreatitis	335	(1)
Pancreatic Diabetes	336	(1)
Diagnosis of Malabsorption in Chronic Pancreatitis	336	(1)
Principles of Clinical Management of Chronic Pancreatitis	337	(1)
Enteral Feeding	338	(1)
Total Parenteral Nutrition	339	(1)
Nutrient Substrates in Chronic Pancreatitis	339	(1)
Enzyme Treatment of Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency	340	(1)
The Role of Exogenous Pancreatic Enzymes in Pain Management	341	(1)
The Effect of Exogenous Enzymes in Gastrointestinal Hormones	342	(1)
Conclusion	342	(4)
22. Nutritional Support in Liver Failure and Liver Transplantation	346	(72)
Rifat Latifi
Introduction	346	(1)
Malnutrition in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease	347	(1)
Hepatic Encephalopathy	347	(71)
Amino Acids in Hepatic Encephalopathy 349
Nutritional Assessment 350
Peritransplant Nutrition; Support 352
Metabolic Changes 353
Nutrition Status of Donors 353
How to Feed Liver Transplant Patients 354
Conclusion 356
23. Nutritional Support in Renal Transplantation 360
Susan T. Crowley, Richard Formica and Antonio Cayco
Introduction 360
Protein Malnutrition and Nitrogen Balance 360
Dyslipidemia 362
Vitamin Supplementation 364
Bone Metabolism 365
Summary 366
24. Biology of Nutrition Support in the Critically Ill Patient 369
Rifat Latifi, Selman Uranües
Introduction 369
Protein and Nitrogen Metabolism in Critically Ill Patients 370
Amino Acid Metabolism 370
Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) 372
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids in Nutritional Support 372
Omega 3-Fatty Acids 375
Growth Hormone 375
Immune-Enhancing Enteral Nutrition; Clinical Evidence 376
Summary 378
Selected References 379
25. Nutrition Support in Patients with Pulmonary Failure and ARDS 384
Vanessa Fuchs, A.K. Malhotra and Rifat Latifi
Malnutrition and Lung Functions 384
Anatomy of Respiratory Failure 384
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 385
Nutritional Assessment 387
Molecular Basis Nutritional Management 389
Summary 392
26. Nutritional Support for the Burned Patient 395
G.J.P. Williams, Michael J. Muller and David N. Herndon
Introduction 395
Hypermetabolism in Burns 395
Physiologic Responses to Burn Injury 397
Nutritional Support 399
Hormonal Manipulation of Burn Hypermetabolism 406
Summary 409
27. Nutritional Support after Small Bowel Transplantation	418	(12)
S. Janes, S.V. Beath
Introduction	418	(1)
Recovery from Ischemia and Preservation	419	(1)
Weaning off Parenteral Nutrition	420	(4)
Establishment of Normal Diet	424	(1)
Monitoring	424	(1)
Complications after Intestinal Transplant and Implications for Nutritional Support	425	(1)
Conclusion	426	(4)
28. Nutritional Support in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer	430	(19)
Matthew E. Cohen, Rosemarie L. Fisher
Introduction	430	(1)
Risk Factors for Malnutrition	430	(2)
Malnutrition and Clinical Outcome	432	(2)
Surgery, Nutritional Support and Clinical Outcome	434	(5)
Radiotherapy, Nutritional Support and Clinical Outcome	439	(1)
Chemotherapy, Nutritional Support and Clinical Outcome	440	(1)
Enteral Nutrition Delivery	441	(3)
Surgical Gastrostomy or Jejunostomy	444	(1)
Conclusion	445	(4)
29. Nutritional Support in Patients with Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic and Liver Cancer	449	(24)
Matthew E. Cohen
Esophageal Cancer	453	(2)
Gastric Cancer	455	(1)
Colon Cancer	456	(3)
Pancreatic Cancer	459	(1)
Liver Cancer	460	(3)
Cost Effectiveness	463	(1)
Conclusion	464	(9)
30. The Treatment of Obesity	473	(16)
Souheil Abou Assi, Rifat Latifi and Stephen J.D. O'Keefe Epidemiology	473	(16)
Epidemiology	473	(1)
Measurements of Obesity	473	(1)
Health Risks Associated with Obesity	474	(1)
Can Obesity and Its Co-Morbid Diseases Be Reversed?	475	(1)
Summary of Interventions, and Results of Randomized Controlled Trials	475	(6)
Bariatric Surgery	481	(1)
Current Operations	481	(3)
Nutritional Complications Following Bariatric Surgery	484	(5)
Index	489