Biology: Science for Life with mybiology™

by Belk, Colleen; Borden Maier, Virginia

• ISBN13: 9780131489691
• ISBN10: 0131489690
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

This story-based, inquiry-driven biology book provides readers with the ability and desire to take an active and academic interest in the science issues they will regularly face in life. The book focuses on key concepts of biology and the use of science to solve social problems, covering general principles of biology, genetics, evolution, human health, humans and the environment, chemistry, animal and plant physiology, and more. For an in-depth understanding of compelling contemporary topicsalong with the biology that permeates these issues.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Can Science Cure the Common Cold? Introduction to the Scientific Method	1	(21)
The Process of Science	2	(13)
The Logic of Hypothesis Testing	3	(2)
The Experimental Method	5	(5)
Using Correlation to Test Hypotheses	10	(2)
Understanding Statistics	12	(3)
Evaluating Scientific Information	15	(4)
Information from Anecdotes	16	(1)
Science in the News	16	(1)
Understanding Science from Secondary Sources	17	(2)
Is There a Cure for The Common Cold?	19	(3)
Chapter Review	19	(3)
Unit One Chemistry and Cells
Are We Alone in the Universe? Water, Biochemistry, and Cells	22	(22)
What Does Life Require?	24	(11)
A Definition of Life	24	(1)
The Properties of Water	25	(2)
Organic Chemistry	27	(2)
Structure and Function of Macromolecules	29	(6)
Life on Earth	35	(9)
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells	35	(1)
Cell Structure	35	(5)
The Tree of Life and Evolutionary Theory	40	(1)
Chapter Review	41	(3)
The Only Diet You Will Ever Need Nutrients, Enzymes and Metabolism, and Transport Across Membranes	44	(26)
Nutrients	46	(8)
Macronutrients	46	(4)
Micronutrients	50	(2)
Processed Versus Whole Foods	52	(2)
Enzymes and Metabolism	54	(4)
Enzymes	54	(2)
Calories and Metabolic Rate	56	(2)
Transport Across Membranes	58	(2)
Passive Transport: Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis	58	(1)
Active Transport: Pumping Substances Across the Membrane	59	(1)
Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Movement of Large Molecules Across the Membrane	60	(1)
Body Fat and Health	60	(10)
Evaluating How Much Body Fat Is Healthful	62	(1)
Obesity	62	(4)
Anorexia and Bulimia	66	(1)
Chapter Review	67	(3)
Is the Earth Warming? The Greenhouse Effect, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis	70	(30)
The Greenhouse Effect	72	(5)
Water, Heat, and Temperature	72	(1)
Carbon Dioxide	73	(2)
The Greenhouse Effect, Organisms, and Their Environments	75	(2)
Cellular Respiration	77	(11)
Structure and Function of ATP	77	(2)
A General Overview of Cellular Respiration	79	(1)
Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport	80	(7)
Global Warming and Cellular Respiration	87	(1)
Photosynthesis	88	(7)
A General Overview of Photosynthesis	88	(1)
The Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle	89	(3)
Global Warming and Photosynthesis	92	(3)
Decreasing the Effects of Global Warming	95	(5)
Essay 4.1 Metabolism Without Oxygen: Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation	82	(16)
Chapter Review	98	(2)
Unit Two Genetics
Cancer DNA Synthesis, Mitosis, and Meiosis	100	(36)
What Is Cancer?	103	(2)
Cell Division Overview	105	(3)
DNA Replication	106	(2)
The Cell Cycle and Mitosis	108	(4)
Interphase	108	(1)
Mitosis	109	(2)
Cytokinesis	111	(1)
Cell Cycle Control and Mutation	112	(5)
Controls in the Cell Cycle	112	(1)
Mutations to Cell-Cycle Control Genes	113	(4)
Cancer Detection and Treatment	117	(6)
Detection Methods: Biopsy	117	(4)
Treatment Methods: Chemotherapy and Radiation	121	(2)
Meiosis	123	(13)
Interphase	127	(1)
Meiosis I	127	(1)
Meiosis II	127	(3)
Crossing Over and Random Alignment	130
Essay 5.1 Cancer Risk Factors	118	(15)
Chapter Review	133	(3)
Are You Only as Smart as Your Genes? Mendelian and Quantitative Genetics	136	(30)
The Inheritance of Traits	138	(8)
Genes and Chromosomes	139	(3)
Diversity in Offspring: Segregation, Independent Assortment, Crossing Over, and Random Fertilization	142	(4)
Mendelian Genetics: When the Role of Genes Is Clear	146	(7)
Genotype and Phenotype	148	(1)
Genetic Diseases in Humans	149	(1)
Using Punnett Squares to Predict Offspring Genotypes	150	(3)
Quantitative Genetics: When Genes and Environment Interact	153	(6)
Quantitative Traits	153	(1)
Why Traits Are Quantitative	154	(2)
Using Heritability to Analyze Inheritance	156	(1)
Calculating Heritability in Human Populations	157	(2)
Genes, Environment, and the Individual	159	(7)
The Use and Misuse of Heritability	160	(2)
How Do Genes Matter?	162
Essay 6.1 Gregor Mendel	147	(16)
Chapter Review	163	(3)
DNA Detective Extensions of Mendelism, Sex Linkage, Pedigree Analysis, and DNA Fingerprinting	166	(26)
Extensions of Mendelian Genetics	168	(4)
Sex Determination and Sex Linkage	172	(6)
Sex Determination	172	(2)
Meiosis and Sex Chromosomes	174	(2)
Sex Linkage	176	(2)
Pedigrees	178	(3)
DNA Fingerprinting	181	(11)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)	182	(1)
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis	183	(1)
Gel Electrophoresis	183	(2)
Meiosis and DNA Fingerprinting	185
Essay 7.1 Blood Group Genetics	171	(3)
Essay 7.2 Chromosomal Anomalies	174	(4)
Essay 7.3 X Inactivation	178	(12)
Chapter Review	190	(2)
Genetic Engineering Transcription, Translation, and Genetically Modified Organisms	192	(32)
Genetic Engineers	194	(1)
Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression	194	(10)
From Gene to Protein	195	(2)
Transcription	197	(1)
Translation	197	(3)
Mutations	200	(2)
Regulating Gene Expression	202	(2)
Producing Recombinant Proteins	204	(4)
Cloning a Gene Using Bacteria	204	(3)
FDA Regulations	207	(1)
Basic Versus Applied Research	207	(1)
Genetic Engineers Can Modify Foods	208	(7)
Why Genetically Modify Crop Plants?	208	(2)
Modifying Crop Plants with the Ti Plasmid and Gene Gun	210	(1)
Effect of GMOs on Health	210	(3)
GM Crops and the Environment	213	(2)
Genetic Engineers Can Modify Humans	215	(9)
The Human Genome Project	215	(1)
Gene Therapy	216	(2)
Cloning Humans	218	(2)
Essay 8.1 Stem Cells	220	(1)
Chapter Review	221	(3)
Unit Three Evolution
Where Did We Come From? The Evidence for Evolution	224	(32)
What Is Evolution?	226	(3)
The Process of Evolution	226	(1)
The Theory of Evolution	227	(2)
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution	229	(2)
Early Views of Evolution	229	(1)
The Voyage of the Beagle	229	(1)
Developing the Hypothesis of Common Descent	230	(1)
Evaluating the Evidence for Common Descent	231	(19)
Biological Classification Suggests Evolutionary Relationships	234	(3)
Evidence of Homology	237	(5)
Evidence from Biogeography	242	(2)
Evidence from the Fossil Record	244	(6)
Are Alternatives to the Theory of Evolution Equally Valid?	250	(6)
The Static Model and Transformation Hypotheses	250	(1)
The Separate Types and Common Descent Hypotheses	250	(1)
The Best Scientific Explanation for the Diversity of Life	251
Essay 9.1 Argument from Design	232	(20)
Essay 9.2 The Origin of Life	252	(1)
Chapter Review	253	(3)
An Evolving Enemy Natural Selection	256	(26)
AIDS and HIV	258	(4)
AIDS Is a Disease of the Immune System	258	(1)
HIV Causes AIDS	259	(2)
The Course of HIV Infection	261	(1)
The Theory of Natural Selection	262	(10)
Four Observations and an Inference	263	(3)
Testing Natural Selection	266	(1)
The Modern Understanding of Natural Selection	267	(1)
Subtleties of Natural Selection	268	(4)
Natural Selection and HIV	272	(1)
HIV Fits Darwin's Observations	272	(1)
The Evolutionary Arms Race	272	(1)
How Understanding Evolution Can Help Prevent AIDS	273	(9)
Single Drug Therapy Selects for Drug Resistance	273	(2)
Combination Drug Therapy Can Slow HIV Evolution	275	(1)
Problems with Combination Drug Therapy	276	(1)
Preventing AIDS	277
Essay 10.1 The Evidence Linking HIV to AIDS	259	(20)
Chapter Review	279	(3)
Who Am I? Species and Races	282	(34)
What Is a Species?	284	(9)
The Biological Species Concept	284	(4)
The Process of Speciation	288	(5)
The Race Concept in Biology	293	(2)
Humans and the Race Concept	295	(11)
The Morphological Species Concept	296	(1)
Modern Humans: A History	297	(1)
Genetic Evidence of Divergence	298	(2)
Human Races Are Not Biological Groups	300	(3)
Human Races Have Never Been Truly Isolated	303	(3)
Why Human Groups Differ	306	(7)
Natural Selection	306	(2)
Convergent Evolution	308	(1)
Genetic Drift	309	(3)
Sexual Selection	312	(1)
Assortative Mating	312	(1)
Race in Human Society	313	(3)
Essay 11.1 The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem	304	(10)
Chapter Review	314	(2)
Prospecting for Biological Gold Biodiversity and Classification	316	(28)
Biological Classification	318	(5)
How Many Species Exist?	318	(2)
Kingdoms and Domains	320	(3)
The Diversity of Life	323	(13)
Bacteria and Archaea	323	(2)
Protista	325	(3)
Animalia	328	(3)
Fungi	331	(1)
Plantae	332	(4)
Learning About Species	336	(8)
Fishing for Useful Products	337	(1)
Understanding Ecology	337	(1)
Reconstructing Evolutionary History	338	(2)
Learning from the Shamans	340
Essay 12.1 Diversity's Rocky Road	334	(8)
Chapter Review	342	(2)
Unit Four Ecology
Is the Human Population Too Large? Population Ecology	344	(14)
A Growing Human Population	346	(4)
Population Structure	346	(1)
Population Growth	347	(2)
The Demographic Transition	349	(1)
Limits to Population Growth	350	(3)
Carrying Capacity and Logistic Growth	350	(1)
Earth's Carrying Capacity for Humans	351	(2)
The Future of the Human Population	353	(5)
A Possible Population Crash?	353	(2)
Avoiding Disaster	355	(1)
Chapter Review	356	(2)
Is Earth Experiencing a Biodiversity Crisis? Community Ecology, Ecosystem Ecology, and Conservation Biology	358	(32)
The Sixth Extinction	360	(8)
Measuring Extinction Rates	361	(2)
Habitat Loss and Food Chains	363	(4)
Other Human Causes of Extinction	367	(1)
The Consequences of Extinction	368	(11)
Loss of Resources	368	(2)
Disruption of Ecological Communities	370	(6)
Changed Ecosystems	376	(2)
Psychological Effects	378	(1)
Saving Species	379	(7)
Protecting Habitat	379	(2)
Protection from Environmental Disasters	381	(1)
Protection from Loss of Genetic Diversity	382	(4)
Protecting Biodiversity Versus Meeting Human Needs	386	(4)
Chapter Review	388	(2)
Where Do You Live? Climate and Biomes	390
Global and Regional Climate	392	(8)
Temperature	393	(5)
Precipitation	398	(2)
Terrestrial Biomes	400	(9)
Forests and Shrublands	400	(5)
Grasslands	405	(1)
Desert	406	(2)
Tundra	408	(1)
Aquatic Biomes	409	(5)
Freshwater	409	(2)
Saltwater	411	(3)
Human Habitats	414
Energy and Natural Resources	414	(1)
Waste Production	415
Essay 15.1 Wildfire!	405	(13)
Chapter Review	418
Appendix: Metric System Conversions	1	(1)
Answers to Learning the Basics	1	(1)
Glossary	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1