Biomaterials and tissue engineering in urology

by Denstedt, John; Atala, Anthony

• ISBN13: 9781439801772
• ISBN10: 1439801770
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-06-05
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Urology is the branch of medicine dealing with disorders or diseases of the male and female genito-urinary tract. This important book summarises the wealth of recent research on the use of biomaterials and tissue engineering to treat urological disorders.

Author Biography

Dr John Denstedt is Professor of Urology at The University of Western Ontario, Canada and is highly regarded for his research in endourology and biomaterials in the urinary tract. Dr Anthony Atala is Professor and Chair of Urology, and the Director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Wake Forest University, USA and is recognised for his eminent research in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Table of Contents

Contributor contact details	p. xv
Preface	p. xxiii
Fundamentals	p. 1
Introduction to biofilms in urology	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
What is a biofilm and why do they form?	p. 4
Biofilm formation and structure	p. 5
Biofilms in general medicine	p. 12
Biofilms in urology	p. 14
Biofilm shedding and migration: infection spread and recurrence	p. 22
Resistance to host factors and antibiotics	p. 23
Current and future biofilm prevention and treatment strategies	p. 25
Future trends	p. 30
Conclusions	p. 31
Sources of further information and advice	p. 31
References	p. 32
In vivo models for ureteral stents	p. 42
Introduction	p. 42
Commonly used animal models	p. 45
Conclusion and future trends	p. 54
References	p. 55
Models for the assessment of biofilm and encrustation formation on urological materials	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
Development of urinary encrustation	p. 62
Assessment of biomaterial encrustation - in vitro models	p. 65
Dynamic flow-through models	p. 66
Batch flow or `static' models	p. 71
Dynamic continuous flow models	p. 73
The MBEC-BEST™ assay	p. 76
Conclusions	p. 77
References	p. 78
Materials and design of urological devices	p. 83
Ureteral stents: design and materials	p. 85
Introduction	p. 85
Current stent biomaterials	p. 88
Stent coatings	p. 93
Stent design	p. 95
Drug-eluting stents	p. 97
Conclusions and future trends	p. 98
References	p. 99
Metal stents in the upper urinary tract	p. 104
Introduction	p. 104
Types of metal stents in the upper urinary tract	p. 105
Applications of metal stents	p. 109
Insertion techniques	p. 118
Complications and problems	p. 121
Virtual endoscopy and metal stents	p. 123
Extra-urinary drainage of the upper urinary tract	p. 125
Future trends	p. 126
References	p. 129
Coated ureteral stents	p. 134
Introduction	p. 134
Methods	p. 137
Results	p. 139
Discussion	p. 151
Conclusions	p. 154
Acknowledgement	p. 154
References	p. 155
Proteus mirabilis biofilm formation and catheter design	p. 157
Introduction	p. 157
Virulence factors	p. 158
Epidemiology of Proteus mirabilis infections	p. 162
The process of crystalline biofilm formation on catheters	p. 163
Antimicrobials in the prevention of catheter encrustation	p. 170
Factors that modulate the rate of Proteus mirabilis biofilm formation on catheters	p. 175
Urease inhibitors	p. 178
Catheter design	p. 179
Future trends	p. 183
Conclusions	p. 184
Sources of further information and advice	p. 185
References	p. 185
Self-lubricating catheter materials	p. 191
Introduction	p. 191
Silicone chemistry	p. 192
Self-lubricating silicone biomaterials	p. 197
Performance characteristics of self-lubricating silicone biomaterials	p. 199
Bioactive lubricious silicones	p. 201
Biomimetic lubricious silicones	p. 203
Toxicity and regulatory issues	p. 203
Conclusions	p. 205
References	p. 206
Temporary urethral stents	p. 208
Introduction	p. 208
Indications for the use of stents	p. 209
Non-degradable temporary urethral stents	p. 211
Biodegradable urethral stents	p. 214
Future trends	p. 221
References	p. 222
Penile implants	p. 226
Introduction	p. 226
Historical aspects of penile prosthesis development	p. 227
Biomaterials in current use	p. 230
Device infection	p. 232
Erosion resistance	p. 234
Summary	p. 235
Future trends	p. 236
References	p. 237
Urological tissue engineering	p. 241
Artificial biomaterials for urological tissue engineering	p. 243
Introduction	p. 243
History of synthetic biomaterials used in urology	p. 244
Synthetic scaffolds	p. 245
Smart biomaterials	p. 247
Future trends	p. 251
References	p. 252
Natural biomaterials for urological tissue engineering	p. 255
Introduction	p. 255
Historical application of natural biomaterials	p. 256
Fundamental biomaterials	p. 257
Collagen-based extracellular matrices	p. 261
Future trends	p. 274
Sources of further information and advice	p. 275
References	p. 275
Nanotechnology and urological tissue engineering	p. 281
Introduction	p. 281
Rationale for nanomaterials in engineering tissue	p. 282
Use of nanomaterials as biomaterials	p. 283
Use of nanomaterials for aiding cell tracking	p. 287
Use of nanomaterials to improve drug delivery	p. 290
Conclusions	p. 292
Future trends	p. 292
Source of further information and advice	p. 294
References	p. 294
Assessing the performance of tissue-engineered urological implants	p. 299
Introduction	p. 299
The bladder	p. 301
Evaluation of engineered or regenerating tissues in vitro	p. 304
Bladder tissue engineering and regeneration	p. 310
Conclusions and future trends	p. 314
References	p. 315
Regenerative pharmacology and bladder regeneration	p. 322
Introduction	p. 322
Endogenous bladder regeneration	p. 324
Construction of a tissue or organ	p. 327
Development of an engineered bladder	p. 328
Implantation of the bladder construct in preclinical studies	p. 330
Preliminary clinical experience with neobladders	p. 331
Conclusions	p. 332
Acknowledgement	p. 332
References	p. 332
Autologous cell sources for urological applications	p. 334
Introduction	p. 334
Fully differentiated cells for urological reconstruction	p. 337
Stem/progenitor cells for urological reconstruction	p. 342
Cell tracking technology	p. 348
Conclusions	p. 351
Acknowledgements	p. 351
References	p. 351
Embryonic stem cells, nuclear transfer and parthenogenesis-derived stem cells for urological reconstruction	p. 357
Introduction	p. 357
Principles of tissue engineering	p. 358
Stem cells: overview	p. 360
Embryonic stem cells	p. 361
Nuclear transfer	p. 363
Parthenogenesis	p. 367
Induced pluripotent stem cells	p. 369
Conclusions and future trends	p. 370
References	p. 371
Amniotic fluid and placental stem cells as a source for urological regenerative medicine	p. 378
Introduction	p. 378
Amniocentesis	p. 378
Differentiated cells from amniotic fluid	p. 379
Mesenchymal stem cells from amniotic fluid	p. 379
Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells	p. 382
Conclusions	p. 390
References	p. 390
The use of adipose progenitor cells in urology	p. 395
Introduction	p. 395
Nomenclature and origin of adipose progenitor cells	p. 397
Isolation procedures	p. 397
Molecular characterization	p. 399
Differentiation capacity of adipose-derived-stem cells	p. 402
Applications in the field of urology	p. 404
Future trends	p. 411
References	p. 412
Regenerative medicine of the urinary sphincter via an endoscopic approach	p. 422
Introduction	p. 422
Neurophysiology of stress urinary incontinence	p. 424
Stem cell source for the injection therapy of stress urinary incontinence	p. 427
Role of muscle-derived stem cells in the delivery of neurotrophic factors	p. 433
Injection technique	p. 434
Current results of clinical studies	p. 436
Conclusions	p. 438
Acknowledgements	p. 438
References	p. 439
Regenerative medicine of the urinary sphincter via direct injection	p. 445
Introduction	p. 445
Challenges with muscle precursor cell transfer	p. 446
The direct myofiber implantation procedure	p. 447
Direct injection of muscle precursor cells using minced muscle	p. 450
Conclusions and future trends	p. 451
References	p. 451
Regenerative medicine for the urethra	p. 454
Introduction	p. 454
Synthetic scaffolds	p. 455
Biological (natural) polymers	p. 456
Conclusions	p. 464
Acknowledgement	p. 465
References	p. 465
Penile reconstruction	p. 470
Introduction	p. 470
Basic principles of penile tissue engineering	p. 471
Engineering of functional corporal tissue	p. 473
Engineered penile prosthesis	p. 476
Reconstruction of the tunica albuginea	p. 478
Summary and future trends	p. 478
Acknowledgement	p. 479
References	p. 479
Tissue engineering in reproductive medicine	p. 482
Tissue engineering of the vagina	p. 482
Methods of vaginal tissue reconstitution	p. 483
Tissue engineering of the uterus	p. 486
Methods of uterine tissue reconstitution	p. 487
Tissue engineering of the ovarian tissue	p. 491
Method for culturing follicles	p. 495
Conclusions	p. 496
Acknowledgements	p. 497
References	p. 497
Regenerative medicine of the kidney	p. 502
Introduction	p. 502
Basic components of renal tissue engineering	p. 503
Approaches for the regeneration of renal tissue	p. 505
Cell-based therapy for kidney disease	p. 511
Summary	p. 512
Acknowledgement	p. 513
References	p. 513
Stem cells and kidney regeneration	p. 518
Introduction	p. 518
Endogenous stem cells	p. 519
Exogenous stem cells	p. 521
Conclusions	p. 526
References	p. 527
Techniques for engineering bladder tissue	p. 532
Introduction	p. 532
Cells used in tissue engineering	p. 534
Biomaterials used in tissue engineering	p. 539
Bladder repair and replacement: current and future technologies	p. 541
Summary and conclusions	p. 545
References	p. 545
Index	p. 550
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