Biomechanics of Hard Tissues Modeling, Testing, and Materials

by Öchsner, Andreas; Ahmed, Waqar

• ISBN13: 9783527324316
• ISBN10: 3527324313
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-01-18
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH

Summary

This monograph assembles expert knowledge on the latest biomechanical modeling and testing of hard tissues, coupled with a concise introduction to the structural and physical properties of bone and cartilage. A strong focus lies on the current advances in understanding bone structure and function from a materials science perspective, providing practical knowledge on how to model, simulate and predict the mechanical behavior of bone. The book presents directly applicable methods for designing and testing the performance of artificial bones and joint replacements, while addressing innovative and safe approaches to stimulated bone regeneration essential for clinical researchers.

Author Biography

Andreas ?chsner is Professor in the Department of Applied Mechanics at the Technical University of Malaysia, Malaysia. Having obtained a Master Degree in Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Stuttgart (1997), Germany, he spent the time from 1997-2003 at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as a research and teaching assistant to obtain his PhD in Engineering Sciences. From 2003-2006, he worked as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Head of the Cellular Metals Group affiliated with the University of Aveiro, Portugal. He has published over 140 research papers and organized three international conferences on diffusion in solids and liquids.

Waqar Ahmed is Director of the Institute of Advanced Manufacturing and Innovation at the School of Computing, Technology and Applied Sciences of the University of Central Lancashire, UK. He obtained his PhD in Chemistry from the University of Salford/Strathclyde and holds a certificate in business administration from the University of Warwick. Before pursuing his academic career he worked as an engineer and operations manager in various British companies. Waqar Ahmed acts as editor-in-chief for four international journals devoted to nanomanufacturing and biomaterials and as vice-president of the Society of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology.

Table of Contents

Bone And Cartilage, Its Structure And Physical Properties

Introduction: Growth Conditions, Matter Geometry and Packing, Collagen, Mechanical and Electrochemical Behavior of Porous Matter and Tissues

Cartilage Matrix and Types

Cartilage Growth and Development: Fetal Development, Mineralization, Growth and Repair, Diseases

Regulation of Cartilage Activity and Streaming Potentials in Cartilage

Bones as Organs and Tissues: Functions and Types of Bones

Structure of Bone: Compact and Trabecular Tissues, Osteons and Cells, Inorganic and Organic Matrix Parts

Marrow, Endosteum and Periosteum, Nerves, Blood Vessels and Cartilage

Remodeling and its Purposes

Bone as a Composite and its Mechanics

Bone as a Capillary Porous System

Diseases of Bone

Bioengineering: Growing Artificial Cartilage and Bone

Constitutive Modelling Of The Mechanical Behavior Of Trabecular Bone: Continuum Mechanical Approaches

Introduction

Continuum Mechanics

Experimental Testing and Material Properties

Structure and Idealization

Modelling of Mechanical Behavior

Numerical Simulation Of Bone Remodeling Process Considering Interface Tissue Differentiation In Total Hip Replacements

Introduction

Bone Remodeling and Interface Models

Bone Remodeling Based on Optimality Conditions

Interface Behavior and Adaptation

Formulation for Simultaneous Bone Remodeling and Interface Adaptation

Finite Element Models and Algorithm

Numerical Results

Discussion and Concluding Remarks

Bone As A Composite Material: Natural Bone And Biomimetics

Introduction

Phases and Volume Fractions

Individual Phase Mechanical Properties

Introduction to Composite Mechanics

Bone as a Composite: Macro-scale

Bone as a Composite: Micro-scale

Anisotropy

Implications

Conclusions

Mechanobiological Models For Bone Tissue. Applications To Implant Design

Introduction

Biological and Mechanobiological Factors in Bone Remodelling and Bone Fracture Healing

Phenomenological Models of Bone Remodeling

Mechanistic Models of Bone Remodeling

Examples of Application of Bone Remodeling Models to Implant Design

Models of Tissue Differentiation. Application to Bone Fracture Healing

Mechanistic Models of Bone Fracture Healing

Modelling the Influence of Some Mechanical Factors in the Course of Bone Fracture Healing

Concluding Remarks

References

Biomechanical Tests For Orthopaedic Implants; Tribological Issues & Simulation Conditions

Tribological Testing for Orthopaedic Implants: Kinematic and Lubricating Condition, Oxygen Concentration

Experimental Analysis for Orthopaedic Implants

Finite Element Method Analysis for Orthopaedic Implants

Scaffold-Based Bone Regeneration

Tissue Scaffolds and Their Role in Tissue Regeneration

Regenerative Properties of the Body: Processes in Bone Regeneration, Limitations

Design Considerations for a Tissue Scaffold: Materials, Architecture, Vascularization, Heterogeneous Approaches

Design Methodologies: Outer Geometry, Statistics-, Voroni- and Unit-Cell-Based Design

Scaffold Fabrication: Freeze-Drying, Salt Leaching, 3D Fabrication

Scaffold Behavior During Regeneration

Mechanical And Magnetic Stimulation On Cells For Bone Regeneration

Introduction

Effects of Stimulation on Cells

Mechanical Stimulations on Cells

Magnetic Stimulations

Other Stimulations and Future Developments

Conclusion

Joint Replacement Implants

Introduction

Design of Joint Replacement Implants: Regulations, Requirements, Concept and Detail Design, Preclinical and Clinical Testing

Joint Replacement Implants for Weight-bearing Joints: Hip, Knee, Ankle

Materials and Fixation Methods

Joint Replacement Implants for Joints of the Hand: Fingers, Wrist

Materials and Fixation Methods

Interstitial Fluid Movement In Cortical Bone Tissue

Introduction

Bone Interfaces, Porosities and Fluids

The Vascular Structures of Bone

The Vascular Porosity

The Lacunar Canalicular Porosity

The Poroelastic Model for Cortical Bone

Electrokinetic Effects in Bone

Interchange of Interstitial Fluid between the Vascular and Lacunar Canalicular Porosities

Bone Implant Design Using Optimization Methods

Introduction

Optimization

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