Biomineralization Principles and Concepts in Bioinorganic Materials Chemistry

by Mann, Stephen

• ISBN13: 9780198508823
• ISBN10: 0198508824
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-01-10
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

From the nano-world of rusty proteins and magnetic compasses in bacteria to the macroscopic structures of oyster shells, corals, ivory, bone and enamel, biology has evolved a new type of chemistry that brings together the synthesis and construction of hard and soft matter for the design of functionalized inorganic-organic materials. The process that gives rise to these small and large inorganic-based structures of life is called biomineralization. This book looks at the chemical principles and concepts of biomineralization and their application in the new field of biomimetic materials chemistry.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Inorganic structures of life	1	(5)
Biomineralization---the big picture	1	(3)
Biomineralization---a new chemistry	4	(1)
This book	5	(1)
Further reading	5	(1)
Biomineral types and functions	6	(18)
Calcium carbonate---calcite and aragonite	6	(3)
Shells---big and small	6	(2)
Gravity sensors	8	(1)
Lenses	9	(1)
Calcium carbonate---vaterite and amorphous phases	9	(1)
Calcium phosphate	10	(3)
Bone	11	(1)
Teeth	12	(1)
Other Group 2A biominerals	13	(1)
Silica	13	(3)
Iron oxides	16	(5)
Magnetic bacteria	16	(2)
Rusty proteins	18	(2)
Iron teeth	20	(1)
Metal sulfides	21	(2)
Summary	23	(1)
Further reading	23	(1)
General principles of biomineralization	24	(14)
Biologically induced mineralization	24	(2)
Biologically controlled mineralization	26	(1)
Site-directed biomineralization	27	(3)
Lipid vesicles	28	(1)
Macromolecular frameworks	29	(1)
Site requirements	30	(1)
Control mechanisms	30	(4)
Chemical control	31	(1)
Spatial control	32	(1)
Structural control	32	(1)
Morphological control	33	(1)
Constructional control	34	(1)
General model	34	(2)
Summary	36	(2)
Further reading	37	(1)
Chemical control of biomineralization	38	(30)
Solubility	38	(1)
Solubility product	39	(2)
Supersaturation	41	(1)
Nucleation	41	(2)
Oriented nucleation---epitaxy	43	(2)
Crystal growth	45	(4)
Mechanisms	46	(3)
Crystal growth inhibition	49	(2)
Crystal morphology	51	(7)
Equilibrium morphology	53	(1)
Habit modification	54	(4)
Polymorphism	58	(3)
Phase transformations	61	(5)
Amorphous precursors	62	(1)
Crystalline intermediates---calcium phosphates	63	(1)
Rusty transformations---iron oxides	64	(2)
Summary	66	(2)
Further reading	67	(1)
Boundary-organized biomineralization	68	(21)
Spatial boundaries	68	(11)
Phospholipid vesicles	69	(3)
Protein vesicles---ferritin	72	(3)
Cellular assemblies	75	(1)
Macromolecular frameworks	76	(3)
Supersaturation control within spatial boundaries	79	(1)
Ion transport	80	(2)
Ion fluxes in calcification	82	(5)
Calcification in green algae	82	(3)
Coccolith calcification	85	(2)
Summary	87	(2)
Further reading	88	(1)
Organic matrix-mediated biomineralization	89	(36)
Organic matrices as mechanical frameworks	89	(2)
Macromolecules and the organic matrix---a general model	91	(3)
Matrix macromolecules in bone	94	(7)
Collagen	95	(4)
Non-collagenous proteins in bone	99	(2)
Tooth enamel proteins	101	(2)
Matrix macromolecules from shell nacre	103	(3)
Macromolecules and silica biomineralization---diatoms and sponges	106	(2)
Organic matrix-mediated nucleation	108	(13)
Interfacial molecular recognition	111	(1)
Electrostatic accumulation---the ionotropic model	112	(2)
Nucleation in ferritin	114	(2)
Surface topography	116	(1)
Structural matching---the geometric model	117	(2)
The stereochemical model	119	(2)
Summary	121	(4)
Further reading	122	(3)
Morphogenesis	125	(16)
Symmetry breaking	125	(3)
Vectorial regulation	128	(1)
Chemical patterning	128	(1)
Physical patterning	129	(1)
Pattern formation in biomineralization	129	(9)
Scaffolds	132	(2)
Vesicle foams---diatoms and radiolarians	134	(2)
Cellular groupings	136	(2)
Variations on a theme	138	(1)
Summary	139	(2)
Further reading	139	(2)
Biomineral tectonics	141	(15)
Structural hierarchy---bone	141	(2)
Prefabrication	143	(2)
Higher-order assembly	145	(1)
Multilevel processing	146	(8)
Coccoliths	147	(5)
Stages of construction	152	(2)
Summary	154	(2)
Further reading	155	(1)
Biomineral-inspired materials chemistry	156	(37)
Concepts and strategies	156	(1)
Synthesis in confined reaction spaces	157	(10)
Synthetic vesicles	159	(3)
Artificial ferritins	162	(2)
Bacterial threads	164	(2)
Polymer sponges	166	(1)
Template-directed materials synthesis	167	(7)
Biomineral matrices	168	(1)
Lipid tubules	169	(2)
Oriented nucleation on soap films	171	(3)
Morphosynthesis of biomimetic form	174	(9)
Physical patterning with supramolecular templates	175	(2)
Physical patterning from reaction field replication	177	(2)
Chemical patterning in unstable reaction fields	179	(4)
Crystal tectonics	183	(5)
Interactive assembly	184	(1)
Programmed assembly	185	(3)
Summary	188	(5)
Further reading	190	(3)
Index	193