Biophysical Foundations of Human Movement - 2nd

by Abernethy, Bruce; Hanrahan, Stephanie J.; Kippers, Vaughan; Mackinnon, Laurel Traeger; Pandy, Marcus G.

• ISBN13: 9780736042765
• ISBN10: 0736042768
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-08-04
• Publisher: Human Kinetics

Summary

The Biophysical Foundations of Human Movement, Second Edition,is now fully updated with information and enhanced learning aids that increase the readability and value of the text. Like its predecessor, the new edition provides a balanced introduction to each of the major biophysical subdisciplines of kinesiology: anatomy, biomechanics, exercise physiology, motor control, and sport and exercise psychology.This comprehensive book presents an integrated study of human movement and applies this knowledge to human performance and physical activity across the lifespan. The Biophysical Foundations of Human Movement, Second Edition,considers basic methods and concepts, typical research questions, key historical developments, professional training and organizations, and suggestions for further reading within each subdiscipline. The authors offer a unique perspective on the subdisciplines by exploring not only the basic science but also the changes in human movement and movement potential that occur throughout the lifespan as well in response to training, practice, and other lifestyle factors.The second edition includes these new features: -A completely rewritten and reorganized section on the mechanical bases of human movement-A significantly expanded chapter on integrative perspectives with more examples of the interdisciplinary research at the forefront of the field-Listings of the latest Web-based resources that focus on topics relevant to human movement studies-Clear learning objectives and brief summaries in each chapter The book provides students with an overview of the field and the many career options available to them. It highlights key organizations, prominent individuals, and studies from around the world that have contributed to our understanding of human movement. The book also contains numerous learning aids (including suggested readings, extensive illustrations, a detailed index, and a complete glossary) that improve comprehension and make review of the material easier.

Author Biography

Bruce Abernethy The University of Hong Kong and The University of Queensland Stephanie J. Hanrahan The University of Queensland Vaughan Kippers The University of Queensland Laurel T. Mackinnon The University of Queensland Marcus G. Pandy The University of Melbourne and The University of Texas at Austin

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Acknowledgements	xi
Introduction Human Movement Studies As a Discipline and a Profession	1	(15)
Human Movement Studies: Definition and Importance	1	(1)
Disciplines and Professions	2	(1)
Is Human Movement Studies a Discipline?	2	(1)
Structuring a Discipline of Human Movement Studies	3	(2)
Naming the Discipline of Human Movement Studies	5	(1)
Professions Based on Human Movement Studies	6	(3)
Relationships Between the Discipline and the Professions	9	(1)
Summary	10	(1)
Further Reading and References	10	(1)
Some Relevant Web Sites	10	(1)
PART I ANATOMICAL BASES OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
The Subdiscipline of Functional Anatomy	11	(1)
Typical Questions Posed and Problems Addressed	11	(1)
Levels of Analysis	11	(1)
Historical Perspectives	12	(2)
Professional Training and Organizations	14	(1)
Further Reading and References	14	(1)
Some Relevant Web Sites	15	(1)
Basic Concepts of the Musculoskeletal System	16	(17)
Tools for Measurement	16	(1)
The Skeletal System	16	(5)
The Articular System	21	(4)
The Muscular System	25	(6)
Summary	31	(1)
Further Reading and References	32	(1)
Basic Concepts of Anthropometry	33	(8)
Definition of Anthropometry	33	(1)
Tools for Measurement	33	(1)
Body Size	34	(1)
Determination of Body Shape	34	(1)
The Tissues Composing the Body	34	(2)
Somatotyping As a Description of Body Build	36	(1)
Human Variation	37	(3)
Summary	40	(1)
Further Reading and References	40	(1)
Musculoskeletal Changes Across the Life Span	41	(13)
Definitions of Auxology and Gerontology	41	(1)
Tools for Measurement	41	(1)
Physical Growth, Maturation, and Aging	42	(1)
Age-Related Changes in the Skeletal and Articular Systems	43	(4)
Age-Related Changes in the Muscular System	47	(1)
Changes in Body Dimensions Across the Life Span	48	(4)
Methods of Determining Age	52	(1)
Summary	53	(1)
Further Reading and References	53	(1)
Musculoskeletal Adaptations to Training	54	(12)
Effects of Physical Activity on Bone	54	(2)
Effects of Physical Activity on Joint Structure and Ranges of Motion	56	(2)
Effects of Physical Activity on Muscle-Tendon Units	58	(1)
Effects of Physical Activity on Body Size, Shape, and Composition	59	(3)
Summary	62	(1)
Further Reading and References	62	(1)
PART II MECHANICAL BASES OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
The Subdiscipline of Biomechanics	63	(1)
Typical Questions Posed and Levels of Analysis	63	(1)
Historical Perspectives	64	(1)
Professional Organizations	64	(1)
Further Reading and References	65	(1)
Some Relevant Web Sites	65	(1)
Basic Concepts of Kinematics and Kinetics	66	(15)
Vectors	66	(2)
Motion	68	(4)
Degrees of Freedom	72	(1)
Force	73	(1)
Moment of Force	74	(1)
Equilibrium	74	(4)
Computer Modelling of Movement	78	(2)
Summary	80	(1)
Further Reading and References	80	(1)
Basic Concepts of Energetics	81	(12)
Energy and Power	81	(9)
Metabolic Energy Consumption	90	(1)
Efficiency of Movement	91	(1)
Summary	92	(1)
Further Reading and References	92	(1)
Biomechanics Across the Life Span	93	(13)
Biomechanics of Normal Walking	93	(7)
Gait Development in Children	100	(2)
Gait Changes in Older Adults	102	(2)
Exercise and Aging	104	(1)
Summary	105	(1)
Further Reading and References	105	(1)
Biomechanical Adaptations to Training	106	(17)
Muscular Adaptations to Training	106	(1)
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Training	107	(4)
Biomechanical Adaptations to Injury	111	(4)
Dependence of Motor Performance on Changes in Muscle Properties	115	(1)
Insights Into the Effects of Training Provided by Computer Models	116	(2)
Summary	118	(1)
Further Reading and References	118	(1)
PART III PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
The Subdiscipline of Exercise Physiology	119	(1)
Applications of Exercise Physiology	119	(1)
Typical Questions Posed and Levels of Analysis	120	(1)
Historical Perspectives	121	(1)
Professional Organizations and Training	121	(1)
Further Reading and References	122	(1)
Some Relevant Web Sites	122	(1)
Basic Concepts of Exercise Metabolism	123	(20)
Production of Energy for Exercise	123	(5)
Oxygen Supply During Sustained Exercise	128	(2)
Measurement of Exercise Capacity	130	(2)
The Cardiorespiratory System and Oxygen Supply During Exercise	132	(2)
Human Skeletal Muscle Cells	134	(3)
Energy Cost of Activity	137	(1)
Importance of Diet to Energy Metabolism and Exercise Performance	137	(4)
Summary	141	(1)
Further Reading and References	142	(1)
Physiological Adaptations to Training	143	(22)
Training-Induced Metabolic Adaptations	143	(4)
Endurance Training-Induced Changes in the Cardiorespiratory System	147	(3)
Muscular System Changes After Strength Training	150	(2)
Basic Principles of Training	152	(4)
Training for Cardiovascular Endurance	156	(1)
Methods of Strength Training	156	(3)
Causes of Muscle Soreness	159	(1)
Exercise for Health-Related Fitness	159	(5)
Summary	164	(1)
Further Reading and References	164	(1)
Physiological Capacity and Performance Across the Life Span	165	(14)
Responses to Exercise in Children	165	(3)
Adaptations to Exercise Training in Children	168	(2)
Exercise Capacity During Aging	170	(4)
Exercise Prescription for Older Adults	174	(1)
Life Span Sex Differences in Physiological Responses and Adaptations to Exercise	175	(3)
Summary	178	(1)
Further Reading and References	178	(1)
Applications of Exercise Physiology to Health	179	(23)
Physical Activity and Public Health	179	(4)
Physical Activity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Metabolic Syndrome	183	(9)
Physical Activity and Other Major Diseases and Conditions	192	(3)
Summary	195	(1)
Further Reading and References	196	(1)
PART IV NEURAL BASES OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
The Subdiscipline of Motor Control	197	(1)
Definition of Motor Control	197	(1)
Typical Questions Posed and Problems Addressed	198	(1)
Levels of Analysis	198	(1)
Historical Perspectives	199	(1)
Professional Organizations and Training	200	(1)
Further Reading and References	201	(1)
Some Relevant Web Sites	201	(1)
Basic Concepts of Motor Control: Neurophysiological Perspectives	202	(21)
Components of the Nervous System	203	(1)
Neurons and Synapses	203	(3)
Sensory Receptor Systems for Movement	206	(7)
Effector Systems for Movement	213	(1)
Motor Control Functions of the Spinal Cord	213	(4)
Motor Control Functions of the Brain	217	(4)
Integrative Brain Mechanisms for Movement	221	(1)
Summary	221	(1)
Further Reading and References	222	(1)
Basic Concepts of Motor Control: Cognitive Science Perspectives	223	(16)
Using Models to Study Motor Control	223	(2)
Information-Processing Models of Motor Control	225	(8)
Some Alternative Models of Motor Control	233	(5)
Summary	238	(1)
Further Reading and References	238	(1)
Motor Control Changes Across the Life Span	239	(20)
Changes in Observable Motor Performance	240	(11)
Changes at the Neurophysiological Level	251	(4)
Changes in Information-Processing Capabilities	255	(3)
Summary	258	(1)
Further Reading and References	258	(1)
Motor Control Adaptations to Training	259	(20)
Changes in Observable Motor Performance	260	(1)
Changes at the Neurophysiological Level	261	(3)
Changes in Information-Processing Capabilities	264	(6)
Factors Affecting the Learning of Motor Skills	270	(4)
Summary	274	(1)
Further Reading and References	274	(1)
PART V PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
The Subdiscipline of Sport and Exercise Psychology	275	(1)
Typical Questions Posed and Problems Addressed	275	(1)
Levels of Analysis	276	(1)
Historical Perspectives	276	(1)
Professional Organizations	277	(1)
Further Reading and Reference	277	(1)
Some Relevant Web Sites	277	(2)
Basic Concepts in Sport Psychology	279	(12)
Personality	279	(2)
Motivation in Sport	281	(2)
Arousal, Anxiety, and Sport Performance	283	(3)
The Practice of Applied Sport Psychology	286	(1)
Imagery: An Example of a Psychological Skill	287	(2)
Summary	289	(1)
Further Reading and References	290	(1)
Basic Concepts in Exercise Psychology	291	(10)
Effects of Psychological Factors on Exercise	291	(7)
Effects of Exercise on Psychological Factors	298	(1)
Summary	299	(1)
Further Reading and References	300	(1)
Physical Activity and Psychological Factors Across the Life Span	301	(8)
Changes in Personality	301	(1)
Psychosocial Development Through Sport Participation	302	(1)
Exercise in Older Adults	303	(2)
Termination of Athletic Careers	305	(2)
Summary	307	(1)
Further Reading and References	308	(1)
Psychological Adaptations to Training	309	(8)
Aerobic Fitness and the Response to Psychological Stress	309	(1)
Changes in Personality	309	(2)
Changes in Motivation: Staleness, Overtraining, and Burnout	311	(3)
Changes in Mental Skills	314	(2)
Summary	316	(1)
Further Reading and References	316	(1)
Afterword Multi- and Cross-Disciplinary Approaches to Human Movement	317	(12)
Specialization Versus Generalization	317	(1)
Examples of Multidisciplinary and Cross-Disciplinary Approaches	318	(9)
Summary	327	(1)
Further Reading and References	327	(2)
Glossary	329	(13)
Credits	342	(5)
Index	347	(16)
About the Authors	363