Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts

by Shuler, Michael L.; Kargi, Fikret

• ISBN13: 9780134782157
• ISBN10: 0134782151
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Textbook for junior and senior level majors in chemical engineering covering the field of biochemical engineering.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	XV
Part 1 Introduction	1	(9)
1 WHAT IS A BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEER?	1	(9)
1.1. Introductory Remarks	1	(1)
1.2. Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering	2	(1)
1.3. Biologists and Engineers Differ in Their Approach to Research	3	(1)
1.4. The Story of Penicillin: How Biologists and Engineers Work Together	4	(5)
Suggestions for Further Reading	9	(1)
Part 2 The Basics of Biology: An Engineer's Perspective	10	(222)
2 AN OVERVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL BASICS	10	(48)
2.1. Are All Cells the Same?	10	(15)
2.1.1. Microbial Diversity	10	(1)
2.1.2. Naming Cells	11	(2)
2.1.3. Viruses	13	(1)
2.1.4. Procaryotes	14	(4)
2.1.5. Eucaryotes	18	(7)
2.2. Cell Construction	25	(23)
2.2.1. Introduction	25	(2)
2.2.2. Amino Acids and Proteins	27	(8)
2.2.3. Carbohydrates: Mono- and Polysaccharides	35	(4)
2.2.4. Lipids, Fats, and Steroids	39	(2)
2.2.5. Nucleic Acids, RNA, and DNA	41	(7)
2.3. Cell Nutrients	48	(5)
2.3.1. Introduction	48	(2)
2.3.2. Macronutrients	50	(1)
2.3.3. Micronutrients	51	(2)
2.3.4. Growth Media	53	(1)
2.4. Summary	53	(3)
Suggestions for Further Reading	56	(1)
Problems	56	(2)
3 ENZYMES	58	(45)
3.1. Introduction	58	(1)
3.2. How Enzymes Work	59	(2)
3.3. Enzyme Kinetics	61	(17)
3.3.1. Introduction	61	(1)
3.3.2. Mechanistic Models for Simple Enzyme Kinetics	62	(3)
3.3.3. Experimentally Determining Rate Parameters for Michaelis-Menten Type Kinetics	65	(2)
3.3.4. Models for More Complex Enzyme Kinetics	67	(7)
3.3.5. Effects of pH and Temperature	74	(4)
3.4. Immobilized Enzyme Systems	78	(13)
3.4.1. Methods of Immobilization	78	(5)
3.4.2. Diffusional Limitations in Immobilized Enzyme Systems	83	(6)
3.4.3. Electrostatic and Steric Effects in Immobilized Enzyme Systems	89	(2)
3.5. Large-scale Production of Enzymes	91	(1)
3.6. Medical and Industrial Utilization of Enzymes	91	(6)
3.7. Summary	97	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	97	(1)
Problems	98	(5)
4 HOW CELLS WORK	103	(25)
4.1. Introduction	103	(1)
4.2. The Central Dogma	104	(1)
4.3. DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating the Cellular Message	105	(2)
4.4. Transcription: Sending the Message	107	(4)
4.5. Translation: Message to Product	111	(3)
4.5.1. Genetic Code: Universal Message	111	(1)
4.5.2. Translation: How the Machinery Works	112	(1)
4.5.3. Posttranslational Processing: Making the Product Useful	113	(1)
4.6. Metabolic Regulation	114	(6)
4.6.1. Genetic-level Control: Which Proteins Are Synthesized?	115	(3)
4.6.2. Metabolic Pathways Control	118	(2)
4.7. How the Cell Senses Its Extracellular Environment	120	(4)
4.7.1. Mechanisms to Transport Small Molecules across Cellular Membranes	120	(3)
4.7.2. Role of Cell Receptors in Metabolism and Cellular Differentiation	123	(1)
4.8. Summary	124	(2)
4.9. Appendix: Examples of Regulation of Complex Pathways	126	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	127	(1)
Problems	127	(1)
5 MAJOR METABOLIC PATHWAYS	128	(20)
5.1. Introduction	128	(1)
5.2. Bioenergetics	129	(3)
5.3. Glucose Metabolism: Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle	132	(4)
5.4. Respiration	136	(2)
5.5. Control Sites in Aerobic Glucose Metabolism	138	(1)
5.6. Overview of Biosynthesis	139	(2)
5.7. Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism	141	(3)
5.8. Overview of Autotrophic Metabolism	144	(2)
5.9. Summary	146	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	147	(1)
Problems	147	(1)
6. HOW CELLS GROW	148	(51)
6.1. Introduction	148	(1)
6.2. Batch Growth	149	(19)
6.2.1. Quantifying Cell Concentration	149	(5)
6.2.2. Growth Patterns and Kinetics in Batch Culture	154	(8)
6.2.3. How Environmental Conditions Affect Growth Kinetics	162	(5)
6.2.4. Heat Generation by Microbial Growth	167	(1)
6.3. Quantifying Growth Kinetics	168	(15)
6.3.1. Introduction	163	(6)
6.3.2. Using Unstructured Nonsegregated Models to Predict Specific Growth Rate	169	(9)
6.3.3. Models for Transient Behavior	178	(5)
6.4. How Cells Grow in Continuous Culture	183	(10)
6.4.1. Introduction	183	(1)
6.4.2. Some Specific Devices for Continuous Culture	183	(2)
6.4.3. The Ideal Chemostat	185	(6)
6.4.4. The Chemostat as a Tool	191	(1)
6.4.5. Deviations from Ideality	192	(1)
6.5. Summary	193	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	194	(1)
Problems	194	(5)
7 STOICHIOMETRY OF MICROBIAL GROWTH AND PRODUCT FORMATION	199	(12)
7.1. Introduction	199	(1)
7.2. Some Other Definitions	199	(3)
7.3. Stoichiometric Calculations	202	(5)
7.3.1. Elemental Balances	202	(1)
7.3.2. Degree of Reduction	202	(5)
7.4. Theoretical Predictions of Yield Coefficients	207	(1)
7.5. Summary	208	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	209
Problems
8 HOW CELLULAR INFORMATION IS ALTERED	211	(21)
8.1. Introduction	211	(1)
8.2. Evolving Desirable Biochemical Activities through Mutation and Selection	211	(4)
8.2.1. How Mutations Occur	212	(1)
8.2.2. Selecting for Desirable Mutants	213	(2)
8.3. Natural Mechanisms for Gene Transfer and Rearrangement	215	(8)
8.3.1. Genetic Recombination	218	(1)
8.3.2. Transformation	218	(2)
8.3.3. Transduction	220	(1)
8.3.4. Episomes and Conjugation	220	(2)
8.3.5. Transposons: Internal Gene Transfer	222	(1)
8.4. Genetically Engineering Cells	223	(6)
8.4.1. Basic Elements of Genetic Engineering	224	(4)
8.4.2. Genetic Engineering of Higher Organisms	228	(1)
8.5. Summary	229	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	230	(1)
Problems	230	(2)
Part 3 Engineering Principles for Bioprocesses	232	(131)
9 OPERATING CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIOREACTORS FOR SUSPENSION AND IMMOBILIZED CULTURES	232	(38)
9.1. Introduction	232	(1)
9.2. Choosing the Cultivation Method	233	(2)
9.3. Modifying Batch and Continuous Reactors	235	(13)
9.3.1. Chemostat with Recycle	235	(2)
9.3.2. Multistage Chemostat Systems	237	(6)
9.3.3. Fed-batch Operation	243	(5)
9.4. Immobilized Cell Systems	248	(14)
9.4.1. Introduction	248	(1)
9.4.2. Active Immobilization of Cells	249	(4)
9.4.3. Passive Immobilization: Biological Films	253	(1)
9.4.4. Diffusional Limitations in Immobilized Cell Systems	254	(5)
9.4.5. Bioreactor Considerations in Immobilized Cell Systems	259	(3)
9.5. Solid-state Fermentations	262	(3)
9.6. Summary	265	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	266	(1)
Problems	267	(3)
10 SELECTION, SCALE-UP, OPERATION, AND CONTROL OF BIOREACTORS	270	(41)
10.1. Introduction	270	(1)
10.2. Scale-up Difficulties	270	(19)
10.2.1. Introduction	270	(1)
10.2.2. Overview of Reactor Types	271	(6)
10.2.3. Considerations on Aeration, Agitation, and Heat Transfer	277	(4)
10.2.4. Scale-up	281	(4)
10.2.5. Scale-down	285	(4)
10.3. Bioreactor Instrumentation and Control	289	(8)
10.3.1. Introduction	289	(1)
10.3.2. Instrumentation for Measurements of Active Fermentation	289	(4)
10.3.3. Using the Information Obtained	293	(4)
10.4. Sterilizing Process Fluids	297	(9)
10.4.1. Introduction and the Kinetics of Death	297	(1)
10.4.2. Sterilization of Liquids	298	(6)
10.4.3. Sterilization of Gases	304	(2)
10.5. Summary	306	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	307	(1)
Problems	308	(3)
11 RECOVERY AND PURIFICATION OF PRODUCTS	311	(52)
11.1. Strategies to Recover and Purify Products	311	(2)
11.2. Separation of Insoluble Products	313	(10)
11.2.1. Filtration	314	(5)
11.2.2. Centrifugation	319	(3)
11.2.3. Coagulation and Flocculation	322	(1)
11.3. Cell Disruption	323	(2)
11.3.1. Mechanical Methods	323	(1)
11.3.2. Nonmechanical Methods	324	(1)
11.4. Separation of Soluble Products	325	(31)
11.4.1. Liquid-Liquid Extraction	325	(5)
11.4.2. Aqueous Two-phase Extraction	330	(2)
11.4.3. Precipitation	332	(1)
11.4.4. Adsorption	333	(5)
11.4.5. Dialysis	338	(1)
11.4.6. Reverse Osmosis	339	(1)
11.4.7. Ultrafiltration	340	(2)
11.4.8. Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration	342	(5)
11.4.9. Chromatography	347	(7)
11.4.10. Electrophoresis	354	(1)
11.4.11. Electrodialysis	354	(2)
11.5. Finishing Steps for Purification	356	(2)
11.5.1. Crystallization	356	(1)
11.5.2. Drying	357	(1)
11.6. Integration of Reaction and Separation	358	(1)
11.7. Summary	359	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	360	(1)
Problems	361	(2)
Part 4 Applications to Nonconventional Biological Systems	363	(106)
12 MIXED CULTURES	363	(32)
12.1. Introduction	363	(1)
12.2. Major Classes of Interactions in Mixed Cultures	364	(3)
12.3. Simple Models Describing Mixed-culture Interactions	367	(6)
12.4. Mixed Cultures in Nature	373	(2)
12.5. Industrial Utilization of Mixed Cultures	375	(2)
12.6. Biological Waste Treatment: An Example of the Industrial Utilization of Mixed Cultures	377	(14)
12.7. Summary	391	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	391	(1)
Problems	392	(3)
13 UTILIZING GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS	395	(36)
13.1. Introduction	395	(1)
13.2. How the Product Influences Process Decisions	395	(3)
13.3. Guidelines for Choosing Host-Vector Systems	398	(6)
13.3.1. Overview	398	(1)
13.3.2. Escherichia Coli	398	(3)
13.3.3. Gram-positive Bacteria	401	(1)
13.3.4. Lower Eucaryotic Cells	401	(1)
13.3.5. Animal Cells	402	(2)
13.4. Process Constraints: Genetic Instability	404	(4)
13.4.1. Segregational Instability	405	(1)
13.4.2. Plasmid Structural Instability	406	(1)
13.4.3. Host Cell Mutations	407	(1)
13.4.4. Growth-rate-dominated Instability	407	(1)
13.5. Considerations in Vector Design to Avoid Process Problems	408	(4)
13.6. Predicting Host-Vector Interactions and Genetic Instability	412	(8)
13.7. Regulatory Constraints on Processes	420	(2)
13.8. Metabolic Engineering	422	(3)
13.9. Protein Engineering	425	(2)
13.10. Summary	427	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	428	(1)
Problems	429	(2)
14 BIOPROCESS CONSIDERATIONS IN USING PLANT CELL CULTURES	431	(15)
14.1. Why Plant Cell Culture?	431	(2)
14.2. Plant Cells in Culture Compared to Microbes	433	(4)
14.3. Bioreactor Considerations	437	(6)
14.3.1. Bioreactors for Suspension Cultures	437	(2)
14.3.2. Reactors Using Cell Immobilization	439	(3)
14.3.3. Bioreactors for Organized Tissues	442	(1)
14.4. Economics of Plant Cell Tissue Cultures	443	(2)
14.5. Summary	445	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	445	(1)
Problems	445	(1)
15 BIOPROCESS CONSIDERATIONS IN USING ANIMAL CELL CULTURES	446	(21)
15.1. Structure and Biochemistry of Animal Cells	446	(2)
15.2. Methods Used for the Cultivation of Animal Cells	448	(9)
15.3. Bioreactor Considerations for Animal Cell Culture	457	(5)
15.4. Products of Animal Cell Cultures	462	(2)
15.4.1. Monoclonal Antibodies	463	(1)
15.4.2. Immunobiological Regulators	463	(1)
15.4.3. Virus Vaccines	463	(1)
15.4.4. Hormones	464	(1)
15.4.5. Enzymes	464	(1)
15.4.6. Insecticides	464	(1)
15.4.7. Whole Cells and Tissue Culture	464	(1)
15.5. Summary	464	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	465	(1)
Problems	466	(1)
16 EPILOGUE	467	(2)
INDEX	469