Bioprocess Engineering

by Liu

• ISBN13: 9780444595256
• ISBN10: 0444595252
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-11-07
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Bioprocess Engineering involves the design and development of equipment and processes for the manufacturing of products such as food, feed, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, chemicals, and polymers and paper from biological materials. It also deals with studying various biotechnological processes. " Bioprocess Kinetics and Systems Engineering" first of its kind contains systematic and comprehensive content on bioprocess kinetics, bioprocess systems, sustainability and reaction engineering. Dr. Shijie Liu reviews the relevant fundamentals of chemical kinetics-including batch and continuous reactors, biochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology, reaction engineering, and bioprocess systems engineering- introducing key principles that enable bioprocess engineers to engage in the analysis, optimization, design and consistent control over biological and chemical transformations. The quantitative treatment of bioprocesses is the central theme of this book, while more advanced techniques and applications are covered with some depth. Many theoretical derivations and simplifications are used to demonstrate how empirical kinetic models are applicable to complicated bioprocess systems. Contains extensive illustrative drawings which make the understanding of the subject easy Contains worked examples of the various process parameters, their significance and their specific practical use Provides the theory of bioprocess kinetics from simple concepts to complex metabolic pathways Incorporates sustainability concepts into the various bioprocesses

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Nomenclature	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
Biological Cycle	p. 1
Green Chemistry	p. 3
Sustainability	p. 5
Biorefinery	p. 6
Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering	p. 9
Mathematics, Biology, and Engineering	p. 11
The Story of Penicillin: the Dawn of Bioprocess Engineering	p. 12
Bioprocesses: Regulatory Constraints	p. 15
The Pillars of Bioprocess Kinetics and Systems Engineering	p. 17
Summary	p. 18
Further Reading	p. 19
Problems	p. 20
An Overview of Biological Basics	p. 21
Cells and Organisms	p. 21
Stem Cell	p. 39
Cell Chemistry	p. 41
Cell Feed	p. 76
Summary	p. 81
Further Reading	p. 83
Problems	p. 83
An Overview of Chemical Reaction Analysis	p. 85
Chemical Species	p. 86
Chemical Reactions	p. 86
Reaction Rates	p. 90
Approximate Reactions	p. 95
Rate Coefficients	p. 97
Stoichiometry	p. 99
Yield and Yield Factor	p. 102
Reaction Rates Near Equilibrium	p. 104
Energy Regularity	p. 110
Classification of Multiple Reactions and Selectivity	p. 111
Coupled Reactions	p. 113
Reactor Mass Balances	p. 116
Reaction Energy Balances	p. 119
Reactor Momentum Balance	p. 126
Ideal Reactors	p. 127
Bioprocess Systems Optimization	p. 129
Summary	p. 132
Further Reading	p. 136
Problems	p. 137
Batch Reactor	p. 141
Isothermal Batch Reactors	p. 142
Batch Reactor Sizing	p. 155
Non-Isothermal Batch Reactors	p. 159
Numerical Solutions of Batch Reactor Problems	p. 165
Summary	p. 172
Further Reading	p. 173
Problems	p. 173
Ideal Flow Reactors	p. 177
Flow Rate, Residence Time, Space Time, Space Velocity, Dilution Rate	p. 178
Plug Flow Reactor	p. 180
Gasification and Fischer-Tropsch Technology	p. 189
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) and Chemostat	p. 194
Multiple Reactors	p. 206
Recycle Reactors	p. 211
Distributed Feed and Withdraw	p. 215
PFR or CSTR?	p. 226
Steady Nonisothermal Flow Reactors	p. 230
Reactive Extraction	p. 237
Graphic Solutions using Batch Concentration Data	p. 239
Summary	p. 242
Further Reading	p. 244
Problems	p. 245
Kinetic Theory and Reaction Kinetics	p. 257
Elementary Kinetic Theory	p. 258
Collision Theory of Reaction Rates	p. 264
Reaction Rate Analysis/Approximation	p. 267
Unimolecular Reactions	p. 270
Free Radicals	p. 272
Kinetics of Acid Hydrolysis	p. 274
Summary	p. 277
Reading Materials	p. 277
Problems	p. 278
Parametric Estimation	p. 281
Regression Models	p. 282
Classification of Regression Models	p. 286
Criteria for "Best" Fit and Simple Linear Regressions	p. 287
Correlation Coefficient	p. 291
Common Abuses of Regression	p. 293
General Regression Analysis	p. 294
Quality of Fit and Accuracy of Data	p. 295
Batch Kinetic Data Interpretation: Differential Regression Model	p. 297
Summary	p. 317
Further Reading	p. 317
Problems	p. 318
Enzymes	p. 323
How Enzymes Work	p. 327
Enzyme Kinetics	p. 334
Immobilized Enzyme Systems	p. 354
Analysis of Bioprocess with Enzymatic Reactions	p. 359
Large-Scale Production of Enzymes	p. 366
Medical and Industrial Utilization of Enzymes	p. 368
Kinetic Approximation: Why Michaelis-Menten Equation Works	p. 371
Summary	p. 383
Further Reading	p. 384
Problems	p. 384
Chemical Reactions on Solid Surfaces	p. 391
Adsorption and Desorption	p. 394
LHHW: Surface Reactions with Rate-Controlling Steps	p. 431
Chemical Reactions on Nonideal Surfaces based on Distribution of Interaction Energy	p. 448
Chemical Reactions on Nonideal Surfaces with Multilayer Approximation	p. 453
Kinetics of Reactions on Surfaces Where the Solid Is Either a Product or Reactant	p. 454
Decline of Surface Activity: Catalyst Deactivation	p. 460
Summary	p. 461
Further Reading	p. 467
Problems	p. 467
Cell Metabolism	p. 473
The Central Dogma	p. 474
DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating the Cellular Message	p. 477
Transcription: Sending the Message	p. 479
Translation: Message to Product	p. 485
Metabolic Regulation	p. 492
How a Cell Senses Its Extracellular Environment	p. 509
Major Metabolic Pathway	p. 515
Overview of Biosynthesis	p. 534
Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism	p. 536
Interrelationships of Metabolic Pathways	p. 538
Overview of Autotrophic Metabolism	p. 541
Summary	p. 543
Further Reading	p. 545
Problems	p. 546
How Cells Grow	p. 549
Quantifying Biomass	p. 550
Batch Growth Patterns	p. 553
Biomass Yield	p. 558
Approximate Growth Kinetics and Monod Equation	p. 562
Cell Death Rate	p. 566
Cell Maintenance and Endogenous Metabolism	p. 568
Product Yield	p. 576
Oxygen Demand for Aerobic Microorganisms	p. 577
Effect of Temperature	p. 580
Effect of pH	p. 582
Effect of Redox Potential	p. 583
Effect of Electrolytes and Substrate Concentration	p. 583
Heat Generation by Microbial Growth	p. 584
Overview of Microbial Growth Kinetic Models	p. 585
Performance Analysis of Batch Culture	p. 596
Summary	p. 599
Reading Materials	p. 601
Problems	p. 601
Continuous Cultivation	p. 607
Continuous Culture	p. 608
Choosing the Cultivation Method	p. 620
Wastewater Treatment Process	p. 634
Immobilized Cell Systems	p. 641
Solid Substate Fermentations	p. 648
Summary	p. 650
Further Reading	p. 651
Problems	p. 652
Fed-Batch Cultivation	p. 663
Design Equations	p. 667
Ideal Isothermal Fed-Batch Reactors	p. 671
Isothermal Pseudo-Steady State Fed-Batch Growth	p. 676
Advantages and Disadvantages of Fed-Batch Operations	p. 684
Considerations in Implementing Fed-Batch Operations	p. 686
Examples of Fed-Batch Use in Industry	p. 686
Parameters to Be Controlled or Monitored During Fed-Batch Operations	p. 687
Parameters to Start and Finish the Feed and Stop the Fed-Batch Fermentation	p. 691
Summary	p. 691
Further Reading	p. 692
Problems	p. 692
Evolution and Genetic Engineering	p. 695
Mutations	p. 696
Selection	p. 703
Natural Mechanisms for Gene Transfer and Rearrangement	p. 706
Techniques of Genetic Engineering	p. 711
Applications of Genetic Engineering	p. 719
The Product and Process Decisions	p. 721
Host-Vector System Selection	p. 723
Regulatory constraints on Genetic Processes	p. 733
Metabolic Engineering	p. 736
Protein Engineering	p. 738
Summary	p. 739
Further Reading	p. 740
Problems	p. 740
Sustainability: Humanity Perspective	p. 743
What is Sustainability?	p. 744
Sustainability of Humanity	p. 745
Water	p. 748
CO2 and Biomass	p. 760
Woody Biomass Use and Desired Sustainable State	p. 766
Solar Energy	p. 774
Geothermal Energy	p. 777
Summary	p. 778
Further Reading	p. 781
Problems	p. 781
Sustainability and Stability	p. 785
Feed Stability of a CSTR	p. 787
Thermal Stability of a CSTR	p. 801
Approaching Steady State	p. 810
Catalyst Instability	p. 815
Genetic Instability	p. 818
Mixed Cultures	p. 834
Summary	p. 850
Further Reading	p. 852
Problems	p. 852
Mass Transfer Effects: Immobilized and Heterogeneous Reaction Systems	p. 861
Molecular Diffusion and Mass Transfer Rate	p. 862
External Mass Transfer	p. 864
Reactions in Isothermal Porous Catalysts	p. 872
Mass Transfer Effects in Nonisothermal Porous Particles	p. 884
External and Internal Mass Transfer Effects	p. 894
Encapsulation Immobilization	p. 897
External and Internal Surface Effects	p. 899
The Shrinking Core Model	p. 900
Summary	p. 904
Further Reading	p. 908
Problems	p. 908
Bioreactor Design and Operation	p. 915
Bioreactor Selection	p. 916
Reactor Operational Mode Selection	p. 921
Aeration, Agitation, and Heat Transfer	p. 923
Scale-up	p. 927
Scale-down	p. 930
Bioinstrumentation and Controls	p. 930
Sterilization of Process Fluids	p. 932
Aseptic Operations and Practical Considerations for Bioreactor System Construction	p. 946
Effect of Imperfect Mixing	p. 950
Summary	p. 957
Further Reading	p. 961
Problems	p. 961
Index	p. 965
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